Ionic meter
The ionic (or Ionic) is a four-syllable metrical unit (metron) of light-light-heavy-heavy (u u – –) that occurs in ancient Greek and Latin poetry. According to Hephaestion it was known as the Ionicos because it was used by the Ionians of Asia Minor; and it was also known as the Persicos and was associated with Persian poetry.[1] Like the choriamb, in Greek quantitative verse the ionic never appears in passages meant to be spoken rather than sung.[2] "Ionics" may refer inclusively to poetry composed of the various metrical units of the same total quantitative length (six morae) that may be used in combination with ionics proper: ionics, choriambs, and anaclasis.[3] Equivalent forms exist in English poetry and in classical Persian poetry.[4]
Examples of ionics
Pure examples of Ionic metrical structures occur in verse by Alcman (frg. 46 PMG = 34 D), Sappho (frg. 134-135 LP), Alcaeus (frg. 10B LP), Anacreon, and the Greek dramatists,[5] including the first choral song of Aeschylus' Persians and in Euripides' Bacchae.[6] Like dochmiacs, the ionic meter is characteristically experienced as expressing excitability.[7] The form has been linked tentatively with the worship of Cybele and Dionysus.[8]
The opening chorus of Euripides' Bacchae begins as follows, in a mixture of anapaests (u u –) and ionic feet (u u – –):
- Ἀσίας ἀπὸ γᾶς
- ἱερὸν Τμῶλον ἀμείψασα θοάζω
- Βρομίῳ πόνον ἡδὺν
- κάματόν τʼ εὐκάματον, Βάκ-
- χιον εὐαζομένα.
- Asías apò gâs
- hieròn Tmôlon ameípsasa thoázō
- Bromíōi pónon hēdùn
- kámatón tʼ eukámaton, Bák-
- khion euazoména.
- u u – | u u –
- u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
- u u – | u u – –
- u u – – | u u – –
- u u – – | u u –
- "From the land of Asia
- having left sacred Tmolus, I am swift
- to perform for Bromius my sweet labor
- and toil easily borne,
- celebrating the god Bacchus."[9]
Latin poetry
An example of pure ionics in Latin poetry is found as a "metrical experiment" in the Odes of Horace, Book 3, poem 12, which draws on Archilochus and Sappho for its content and utilizes a metrical line that appears in a fragment of Alcaeus.[10] The Horace poem begins as follows:
- miserārum (e)st nequ(e) amōrī dare lūdum neque dulcī
- mala vīnō laver(e) aut exanimārī
- metuentis patruae verbera linguae.
- u u – – | u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
- u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
- u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
- "Those girls are wretched who do not play with love or use sweet
- wine to wash away their sorrows, or who are terrified,
- fearing the blows of an uncle's tongue."
In writing this 4-verse poem Horace tends to place a caesura (word-break) after every metrical foot, except occasionally in the last two feet of the line.
Anacreontics
The anacreontic | u u – u – u – – | is sometimes analyzed as a form of ionics which has undergone anaclasis (substitution of u – for – u in the 4th and 5th positions). The galliambic is a variation of this, with resolution (substitution of u u for – ) and catalexis (omission of the final syllable) in the second half. Catullus used galliambic meter for his Carmen 63 on the mythological figure Attis, a portion of which is spoken in the person of Cybele. The poem begins:
- super alta vectus Attis celerī rate maria
- Phrygi(um) ut nemus citātō cupidē pede tetigit
- adiitqu(e) opāca silvīs redimīta loca deae,
- stimulātus ibi furenti rabiē, vagus animīs
- dēvolsit[11] īl(i) acūtō sibi pondera silice.
The meter is:
- u u – u – u – – | u u – u u u u –
- u u – u – u – – | u u – u u u u –
- u u – u – u – – | u u – u u u u –
- u u – u u u u – – | u u – u u u u –
- – – u – u – – | u u – u u u u –
- "Attis, having crossed the high seas in a swift ship,
- as soon as he eagerly touched the Phrygian forest with swift foot
- and approached the shady places, surrounded by woods, of the goddess,
- excited there by raging madness, losing his mind,
- he tore off the weights of his groin with a sharp flint."
In this poem Catullus leaves a caesura (word-break) at the mid-point of every line. Occasionally the 5th syllable is resolved into two shorts (as in line 4 above) or the first two shorts are replaced with a single long syllable (as in line 5, if the text is sound).
Ionicus a minore and a maiore
The "ionic" almost invariably refers to the basic metron u u — —, but this metron is also known by the fuller name ionicus a minore in distinction to the less commonly used ionicus a maiore (— — u u). Some modern metricians generally consider the term ionicus a maiore to be of little analytic use, a vestige of Hephaestion's "misunderstanding of metre"[12] and desire to balance metrical units with their mirror images.[13]
Polyschematist sequences
The Ionic and Aeolic meters are closely related, as evidenced by the polyschematist unit x x — x — u u — (with x representing an anceps position that may be heavy or light).[14]
The sotadeion or sotadean, named after the Hellenistic poet Sotades, has been classified as ionic a maiore by Hephaestion and by M. L. West:[15]
- – – u u | – – u u | – u – u | – –
It "enjoyed a considerable vogue for several centuries, being associated with low-class entertainment, especially of a salacious sort, though also used for moralizing and other serious verse."[16] Among those poets who used it were Ennius, Accius and Petronius.[17]
In English
In English poetry, Edward Fitzgerald composed in a combination of anacreontics and ionics.[18] An example of English ionics occurs in lines 4 and 5 of the following lyric stanza by Thomas Hardy:
- The pair seemed lovers, yet absorbed
- In mental scenes no longer orbed
- By love's young rays. Each countenance
- Às ìt slówlý, às ìt sádlý
- Caùght thè lámplíght's yèllòw glánce,
- Held in suspense a misery
- At things which had been or might be.[19]
Compare W. B. Yeats, "And the white breast of the dim sea" ("Who will go drive with Fergus now?" from The Countess Cathleen) and Tennyson, "In Memoriam," "When the blood creeps and the nerves prick" (compare pyrrhic).
Persian poetry
The ionic rhythm is common in classical Persian poetry and exists in both trimeter and tetrameter versions. Nearly 10% of lyric poems are written in the following metre:[20]
- x u – – | u u – – | u u – – | u u –
In the Persian version, the first syllable is anceps and the two short syllables in the last foot are biceps, that is, they may be replaced by one long syllable. An example by the 13th-century poet Saadi is the following:
- abr o bād ō mah o xorshīd o falak dar kār-and
- tā to nān-ī be kaf ārī-yo be qeflat na-xorī
- "Cloud and wind and moon and sun and firmament are at work
- so that you may get some bread in your hand and not eat it neglectfully."
The acatalectic tetrameter is less common, but is also found:
- x u – – | u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
Another version, used in a famous poem by the 11th-century poet Manuchehri, is the same as this but lacks the first two syllables:[21]
- xīzīd-o xaz ārīd ke hengām-e xazān ast
- bād-e xonok 'az jāneb-e Xārazm vazān ast
- – – | u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
- Get up and bring fur as it is the season of autumn
- A cold wind is blowing from the direction of Khwarazm
The two underlined syllables are extra-long, and take the place of a long + short syllable (– u).
Anaclastic versions of the metre also exist, resembling the Greek anacreontic, for example:
- u u – u – u – – | u u – u – u – –
From its name persicos it appears that this metre was associated with the Persians even in early times.[22] It was used for example by Aeschylus in the opening chorus of his play The Persians, which is sung by a group of old men in the Persian capital city of Susa.
Turkish poetry
The Persian metre was imitated in Turkish poetry during the Ottoman period. The Turkish National Anthem or İstiklal Marşı, written in 1921 by Mehmet Akif Ersoy, is in this metre:
- Korkma! sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak
- x u – – | u u – – | u u – – | u u –
- "Fear not! for the crimson banner that proudly ripples in this glorious dawn shall not fade"
However, neither of the two tunes written for the anthem in 1924 and 1930 follows the rhythm of the metre.
References
- ^ Quoted in Thiesen, Finn (1982). A Manual of Classical Persian Prosody, with chapters on Urdu, Karakhanidic and Ottoman prosody. Wiesbaden; pp. 132; 263–4.
- ^ James Halporn, Martin Ostwald, and Thomas Rosenmeyer, The Meters of Greek and Latin Poetry (Hackett, 1994, originally published 1963), pp. 29–31.
- ^ Halporn et al., Meters, p. 125.
- ^ Thiesen, Finn (1982). A Manual of Classical Persian Prosody, with chapters on Urdu, Karakhanidic and Ottoman prosody. Wiesbaden; pp. 132–137.
- ^ Halporn et al., Meters, p. 23.
- ^ Graham Ley, The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy (University of Chicago Press, 2007), 139, citing the work of Dale (1969).
- ^ Ley, The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy, 171; Edwards, Sound, Sense, and Rhythm, p. 68, note 17.
- ^ Ley, The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy, 139, citing the work of Dale (1969).
- ^ Euripides. The Tragedies of Euripides, translated by T. A. Buckley. Bacchae. London. Henry G. Bohn. 1850.
- ^ Paul Shorey, Horace: Odes and Epodes (Boston, 1898), p. 346.
- ^ The text is uncertain: see Kokoszkiewicz, K. "Catullus 63.5: Devolsit?", The Classical Quarterly, Volume 61, Issue 02, December 2011, pp. 756–8.
- ^ Kiichiro Itsumi, "What's in a Line? Papyrus Formats and Hephaestionic Formulae," in Hesperos: Studies in Ancient Greek Poetry Presented to M. L. West on his Seventieth Birthday, OUP, 2007, p. 317, in reference to Hephaestion's description of Book IV of the Sapphic corpus as "ionic a maiore acatalectic tetrameter."
- ^ J. M. van Ophuijsen, Hephaestion on Metre, Leiden, 1987, p. 98.
- ^ Halporn et al., Meters, p. 25.
- ^ Hephaestion on Metre, pp. 106f.
- ^ West, Greek Metre, pp. 144f.
- ^ Frances Muecke, "Rome's First 'Satirists': Themes and Genre in Ennius and Lucilius," in The Cambridge Companion to Roman Satire (Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 36.
- ^ Edwards, p. 79.
- ^ Thomas Hardy, "Beyond the Last Lamp" (1914), lines 8–14, as scanned by Edwards, Sound, Sense, and Rhythm, p. 80. The line "Held in suspense a misery" is a choriamb; the rest is iambic.
- ^ L. P. Elwell-Sutton (1976), The Persian Metres, p. 162.
- ^ Farzaad, Masoud (1967), Persian poetic meters: a synthetic study., p. 60.
- ^ Thiesen (1982), A Manual of Classical Persian Prosody, with chapters on Urdu, Karakhanidic and Ottoman prosody, pp. 132, 263–4.
External links
- Ionics, in Erling B. Holtsmark's Enchiridion of Metrics