1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election
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86 Members in the Assembly of Experts 58 votes needed to win | |||||||||||
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Voting on mandating a 'Leadership Council' | |||||||||||
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Second round | |||||||||||
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In the 1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election the Assembly of Experts members voted to choose the second Supreme Leader of Iran. The election was held on June 4, 1989, the morning after Ruhollah Khomeini's death and Ali Khamenei was elected as his successor with 60 votes out of 74.[1]
Constitutional changes leading up to the election
Because of a conflict of ideology between Ruhollah Khomeini and Housein Al-Montazeri, his accepted heir, Khomeini requested a revision of Article 109, which held that successors to Khomeini must be a "source of imitation" or having held the title of Marja'.[2] The change to the constitution would not officially come until 6 August 1989, wherein a vote would reduce the qualification to having the authority to issue a fatwa.[3] The debate within the Assembly of Experts on the constitutional change included whether the clerical qualification of Marjaʿiyyat present in Article 109 contributed to the quality of leadership Khomeini was seen as maintaining.[2] The Assembly of Experts, made up of many people who were integral to the revolution of 1979[4] and in some cases knew Khomeini, concluded Khomeini's leadership was attributed in part to his religious qualifications, but mostly his political motivation and skill.[2]
Election process
The decision to hold the session was made on 3 June 1989, when Ahmad Khomeini phoned Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani at 3:00 pm to inform him that his father was in critical condition.[5] When it became evident that choosing a successor would be necessary, Rafsanjani and Mohsen Rezaei called assembly members in the provinces to Tehran for an emergency meeting. The announcement of death was postponed until after the meeting.[5]
Rafsanjani led the meeting in the next morning, and brought the sealed testament that was held in a safe. President Ali Khamenei read the will, after Ahmad Khomeini refused to do so because of grief. Reading the 35 pages of the will took about 2.5 hours.[5]
Supreme Leader versus Leadership Council
The first matter brought up for discussion was whether the assembly should mandate a 'Leadership Council' or a single person.[6][5] Several names were proposed as members of the council by proponents of a leadership council, including:
| First group[5] | |||||||
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| Ali Khamenei | Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardebili | Ali Meshkini | |||||
| President | Chief Justice | Assembly Chairman | |||||
| Second group[5] | |||||||
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| Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani | Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardebili | ||||||
| Parliament Speaker | Chief Justice | ||||||
| Third group[5] | |||||||
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| Ali Khamenei | Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardebili | Ali Meshkini | Mohammad Fazel Lankarani | Abdollah Javadi-Amoli | |||
| President | Chief Justice | Assembly Chairman | Marja' | Marja' | |||
45 members voted in favor of a single person, and 23 against, who voted for a council leadership.[6] Ali Khamenei and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani were both among advocates of a council.[5]
Nomination of Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani
After a single officeholder was voted over a council, Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani was proposed as the successor. He was considered a distinguished Marja', and after Hussein-Ali Montazeri was dismissed as the heir, he quickly emerged as the "leading candidate" in public discussions.[7] However, Golpaygani was "utterly unknown to the general public" and lacked political experience.[7] He finally received only 14 votes.[5]
Nomination of Ali Khamenei
After Golpaygani's vote did not meet the threshold, for the second attempt Ali Khamenei was considered and was chosen as the Supreme Leader.[6] The national press wrote that he was chosen with 60 votes in favor, and 14 votes against.[8] Ali Meshkini declared that he was chosen because of his close relations with Khomeini, and having played important roles both during the revolution and war, and due to his familiarity with social, economical and political issues; while Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani claimed that Khomeini had wished on his deathbed that Khamenei succeed him.[9]
The Imam said: Why [do you think] we don't have [anyone suitable]? Mr. Khamenei [is suitable].
— Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, 2008 aired video[10]
The details of the discussions regarding his nomination was kept a secret for decades.[10] In 2008, excerpts of never-before-seen footage of the session was aired by the state-run Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, showing that Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani played a key role in persuading the assembly members to vote for Khamenei.[10]
Regardless of the fact that I do not truly deserve to occupy such a position, installing me as the caretaker has technical problems. [My] leadership would be formal [only on paper], not a real one. Well, based on the Constitution, I am not qualified for the job and, from a religious point of view, many of you [all clergy members of the Assembly of Experts] will not accept my words as those of a leader. What sort of leadership will this be?
— Ali Khamenei, 2018 leaked video[11]
Khamenei himself opposed the motion, stating "I support shuray-e rahbari [=leadership council], according to the Constitution, and am opposed to rahbari-ye fardi [=individual leadership]. How can I be a candidate?". He was responded to by Rafsanjani, "rahbari-ye fardi has become the law (qanun shode). There is no alternative."[5] The video shows Khamenei leaving the podium, after saying "on this issue ... well, I am against it anyway", then Rafsanjani announces "Those in favor, stand up!" and an overwhelming majority stand while shouting 'God is great'.[5]
According to the testimony of Rafsanjani in the session, Ayatollah Khomeini had in a meeting in March 1989 pointed that Khamenei would be a suitable successor for him, responding to remarks that no other candidate exists for succession after the dismissal of Montazeri.[1] As a result, Rafsanjani was widely credited as a "kingmaker".[12]
A new video leaked in 2018 revealed that Khamenei had been temporarily elected to act as the Supreme Leader, until constitutional amendments were approved by the constitutional referendum.[11] The assembly later reconfirmed its decision in July 1989, appointing him as the Supreme Leader.[11]
References
- ^ a b Amir Arjomand, Saïd (2009). After Khomeini: Iran Under His Successors. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780199745760.
- ^ a b c Sadjadpour, Karim (2009). Reading Khamenei: The World View of Iran's Most Powerful Leader. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 6, 7.
- ^ Katouzian, Homa (August 6, 1989). "Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). Iranian Studies. 47:1, 159–200: 23 – via World Intellectual Property Organization.
- ^ "1982 Assembly of Experts Election | Iran Data Portal". Retrieved 2019-04-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hovsepian-Bearce, Yvette (2015). The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran. Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-1317605829.
- ^ a b c Brumberg, Daniel; Farhi, Farideh, eds. (2016). Power and Change in Iran: Politics of Contention and Conciliation. Indiana Series in Middle East Studies. Indiana University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780253020796.
- ^ a b Ackerman, Bruce (2019), Revolutionary Constitutions: Charismatic Leadership and the Rule of Law, Harvard University Press, p. 347, ISBN 9780674970687
- ^ Anoushiravan Ehteshami (2002). After Khomeini: the Iranian Second Republic. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 9781134838851.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. California: University of California Press. p. 134. ISBN 0520081730.
- ^ a b c Peterson, Scott (2010). Let the Swords Encircle Me: Iran--A Journey Behind the Headlines. Simon and Schuster. p. 196. ISBN 9781416597391.
- ^ a b c Golkar, Saeid (Spring 2019), "Iran after Khamenei: Prospects for Political change", Middle East Policy, 26 (1): 75–88, doi:10.1111/mepo.12401
- ^ Sadjadpour, Karim (2009), Reading Khamenei: The World View of Iran's Most Powerful Leader (PDF), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, retrieved 30 December 2015
