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Common slow worm

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"Slow-worm", "Slowworm", and "blindworm" redirect here. For the genus, see Anguis.

Common slow worm
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Anguidae
Genus: Anguis
Species:
A. fragilis
Binomial name
Anguis fragilis

The slow worm (Anguis fragilis) is a reptile native to western Eurasia. It is also called a deaf adder, a slowworm,[2][3] a blindworm, or regionally, a long-cripple and hazelworm. These legless lizards are also sometimes called common slowworms. The "blind" in blindworm refers to the lizard's small eyes, similar to a blindsnake (although the slowworm's eyes are functional).

Slow worms are semifossorial[4] (burrowing) lizards, spending much of their time hiding underneath objects. The skin of slow worms is smooth with scales that do not overlap one another. Like many other lizards, they autotomize, meaning that they have the ability to shed their tails to escape predators. While the tail regrows, it does not reach its original length. In the UK, they are common in gardens and allotments, and can be encouraged to enter and help remove pest insects by placing black plastic or providing places to shelter such as piles of logs, corrugated iron sheets or under tiles.[5] On warm days, one or more slow worms can often be found underneath these heat collectors. One of the biggest causes of mortality in slow worms in suburban areas is the domestic cat, against which it has no defence.[6]

Slow worms have been shown to be a species complex, consisting of 5 distinct but similar species.

Taxonomy

Distribution of species of European slow worms

Anguis fragilis was traditionally divided into two subspecies (A. f. fragilis and A. f. colchica), but they are now classified as separate species:[7][8]

  • Anguis fragilis sensu stricto (found in western Europe, northern Europe and western Balkans) and
  • Anguis colchica (found in eastern Europe, eastern Balkans and in western Asia).

Three more species were later distinguished from A. fragilis:

Physical traits

Slow worm in Germany

Slow worms have an elongated body with a circular cross-section without limbs and reach a maximum length of up to 57.5 cm.[9] Most of the adult animals that can be observed are between 40 and 45 cm long, with up to 22 cm on the head and trunk section and the rest on the tail.[10] There is no visible neck. The tail, which ends in a horny tip, is continuous with the trunk and is often slightly longer. Slow worms exhibit caudal autotomy, the severing of the tail when it is pulled by predators.[11] When regrown the tail only grows back to a short stub, probably because loss of the tail does not sufficiently impact the species' locomotion, foraging and defence abilities to necessitate full and rapid regeneration.[12]

The skin surface consists of smooth, round-to-hexagonal scales which overlap like roof tiles and are roughly the same shape on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body. There are several longitudinal rows running along the underside. In total, the trunk has 125 to 150 transverse scale rows and the tail has another 130 to 160 rows. Under the scales there are bony plates (osteoderms), so that slow worms crawl much more stiffly and clumsily than snakes. The scaling of the head is similar to that of snakes. The ear openings are mostly completely hidden under the scales. The relatively small eyes have movable, closable eyelids (these are fused in snakes) and round pupils. The rather short tongue is broad, bilobed and does not end in fine tips. To lick, i.e. to absorb odorous substances, slow worms have to open their mouths slightly, as they lack the gap in the upper lip that snakes possess. The pointed, sometimes loosely fixed teeth are curved backwards; there are 7 to 9 teeth in the premaxilla, 10 to 12 in the maxilla and 14 to 16 in the lower jaw.[13]

Close-up of the head of a slow worm

Reproduction

Juvenile slow worm, paperclip for size comparison

In Central Europe, the mating season of the species is usually between late April and June. The males wrestle often violently around the females, although in most populations they are in the majority. The opponents try to push each other to the ground, bite each other and wrap themselves tightly around each other. When mating, the female is bitten in the head or neck region, while the male introduces his two hemipenes into the female's cloaca. Copulation can take several hours. Sometimes females mate with other males later. The gestation period of the females lasts 11 to 14 weeks, and subsequently, between mid-July and the end of August, and sometimes even later, they usually give birth to between eight and twelve young (extreme values: 2 to 28). Slow worms are ovoviviparous; at birth, the 7 to 10 cm long young animals are in a very thin, transparent egg shell, which they pierce immediately afterwards. They initially weigh less than a gram and still have a remnant of the yolk.[14] Juvenile slow worms have a contrasting color scheme and pattern. The top of the body is silvery-white to golden yellow, while the sides and underside are black.

Size and longevity

Adult slow worms grow to be about 50 cm (20") long, and are known for their exceptionally long lives; the slow worm may be the longest-living lizard, living about 30 years in the wild and up to at least 54 years in captivity (this record is held by a male slow worm that lived at the Copenhagen Zoo from 1892 until 1946, the age when first obtained is unknown).[15][16] The female often has a stripe along the spine and dark sides, while the male may have blue spots dorsally. Juveniles of both sexes are gold with dark brown bellies and sides with a dark stripe along the spine.

Predators

Predators of A. fragilis include adders, badgers, birds of prey, crows, domestic cats, foxes, hedgehogs, pheasants and smooth snakes.[17][18][19][20]

Ecology

These reptiles are largely nocturnal and do not bask in the sun like other reptiles, but choose to warm themselves indirectly underneath objects such as rocks which have been warmed by the sun. They can often be found in long grass and other damp environments[21] In a 2009 study of a Danish population, the diet of the slow-worm was found to include slugs, snails, earthworms, caterpillars and pill millipedes.[22]

Protected status in the UK

In the United Kingdom, the slow worm has been granted protected status, alongside all other native British reptile species. The slow worm population has been decreasing, and under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, to intentionally kill, injure, sell, or advertise to sell them is illegal.[6][23][24]

Ireland

The slow worm is assumed to be non-native in Ireland, possibly arriving in the 1900s. Due to their secretive habits they are difficult to observe and have only been sighted in parts of County Clare, mainly in the Burren region.[25][26][27]

Evolutionary history

Members of the genus Anguis, to which the slow worm belongs, first appeared in Europe during the Mammal Paleogene zone 14, between 43.5 and 41.2 million years ago, corresponding to the Lutetian stage of the Eocene.[28] Remains assigned to the Anguis fragilis species complex are known from the late Miocene onwards.[29]

  • A slow worm.
    A slow worm.
  • A slow worm close.
    A slow worm close.
  • Slow worm in turquoise color
    Slow worm in turquoise color
  • A slow worm moving through grass. This individual is a juvenile, as evinced by its golden colouration.

See also

References

  1. ^ Agasyan, A.; Avci, A.; Tuniyev, B.; et al. (2021). "Anguis fragilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T47113126A744263. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T47113126A744263.en. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  2. ^ The "slow-" in slowworm is distinct from the English adjective slow ("not fast"); the word comes from Old English slāwyrm, where slā- means 'earthworm' or 'slowworm' and wyrm means "serpent, reptile". ("Slowworm". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2017.)
  3. ^ "Anguis fragilis". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  4. ^ "Feeding state and selected body temperatures in the slow worm" (PDF). Herpetological Journal. 18: 59–62. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  5. ^ Vernon, Jean (24 July 2019). "How can I help garden slow worms?". Richard Jackson Garden. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  6. ^ a b "Slow worm | The Wildlife Trusts". www.wildlifetrusts.org. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  7. ^ "Živa – Přehlížená rozmanitost slepýšů (Jiří Moravec, Václav Gvoždík)". ziva.avcr.cz. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  8. ^ Václav Gvozˇ dík, David Jandzik, Petros Lymberakis, Daniel Jablonski, Jirˇ í Moravec (2010). "Slow worm, Anguis fragilis (Reptilia: Anguidae) as a species complex: Geneticstructure reveals deep divergences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 55 (2): 460–472. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.007. PMID 20079858. Retrieved 1 April 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Wolfgang Böhme: A record-sized specimen of the western slow worm (Anguis fragilis). In: Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie. Bd. 19, Nr. 1, 2012, ISSN 0946-7998, S. 117–118.
  10. ^ Dieter Glandt: Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Alle Arten im Porträt. Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2015, ISBN 978-3-494-01581-1, S. 322–327.
  11. ^ Bryant SV, Bellairs ADA. 1967. Tail regeneration in the lizards Anguis fragilis and Lacerta dugesii. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 46 (310): 297-305.
  12. ^ Barr JI, Boisvert CA, Bateman PW. 2021. At what cost? Trade-offs and influences on energetic investment in tail regeneration in lizards following autotomy. Journal of Developmental Biology 9(4): 53.
  13. ^ Rainer Günther, Wolfgang Völkl: Blindschleiche – Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758. In: Rainer Günther (Hrsg.): Die Amphibien und Reptilien Deutschlands. Gustav Fischer, Jena u. a. 1996, ISBN 3-437-35016-1, S. 617–631.
  14. ^ Heribert Wolfbeck, Klemens Fritz: Blindschleiche, Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758. In: Hubert Laufer, Klemens Fritz, Peter Sowig: Die Amphibien und Reptilien Baden-Württembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4385-6, S. 619–632.
  15. ^ Smith, Malcolm (1951). "The British Amphibians and Reptiles". Archived from the original on 2017-09-16.
  16. ^ "Slow Worm".
  17. ^ Ornithology, British Trust for (2010-11-24). "Slow-worm". BTO - British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  18. ^ "Slow Worm". surrey-arg.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  19. ^ "Slow-Worm". www.froglife.org. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  20. ^ "Smooth snake | The Wildlife Trusts". www.wildlifetrusts.org. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  21. ^ Grace Bettayeb (16 March 2022). "Species in Focus: Slow Worm". iwt.ie. Irish Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  22. ^ Pedersen, Iben Lindegaard; Jensen, Jan Kjærgaard; Toft, Søren (2009-04-01). "A method of obtaining dietary data for slow worms (Anguis fragilis) by means of non‐harmful cooling and results from a Danish population". Journal of Natural History. 43 (15–16): 1011–1025. doi:10.1080/00222930802702464. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 84703263.
  23. ^ "BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Slow worm". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  24. ^ "Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  25. ^ Grace Bettayeb (16 March 2022). "Species in Focus: Slow Worm". iwt.ie. Irish Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  26. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-01-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ Dick Warner (18 March 2013). "Slow worm makes its entrance". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  28. ^ Rage, Jean-Claude (December 2012). "Amphibians and squamates in the Eocene of Europe: what do they tell us?". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 92 (4): 445–457. doi:10.1007/s12549-012-0087-3. ISSN 1867-1594. S2CID 128651937.
  29. ^ Villa, Andrea; Delfino, Massimo (November 2019). "Fossil lizards and worm lizards (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Neogene and Quaternary of Europe: an overview". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 138 (2): 177–211. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0172-y. ISSN 1664-2384.
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