Anogramma ascensionis
| Anogramma ascensionis | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Pteridaceae |
| Genus: | Anogramma |
| Species: | A. ascensionis
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| Binomial name | |
| Anogramma ascensionis | |
Anogramma ascensionis, the Ascension Island parsley fern, is a species of fern in the family Pteridaceae[2] that is endemic to Ascension Island, a volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is one of eight putative species in the genus Anogramma.[3] It was thought to have become extinct due to habitat loss, until four plants were found on the island in 2010. Over 60 specimens were then successfully cultivated at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and on Ascension Island.[4] It is now classified as Critically Endangered.[1]
The small fern has delicate yellow-green leaves which appear similar to small sprigs of parsley.[5] It was first recorded in 1842 by an amateur botanist, A.B. Curror, and then officially described and named by Joseph Dalton Hooker after a visit he made to the island in 1843.[6] It is endemic to the steep slopes of Green Mountain on the island. Another specimen was recorded in 1889, with few or no reports of specimens again until 1958, when a British scientist collected one on the north slope of the mountain. Further searches were conducted in 1976, 1986 and 1995 but were unsuccessful, and in 2003 it was officially declared extinct.[3][5]
There are ten species of plants endemic to Ascension Island, with seven of them still known to survive. The island lost much of its native habitat due to invasive animals and plants, beginning with goats introduced in the 16th century by Portuguese explorers. Other non-native animals, including rabbits, sheep, donkeys, and rats—along with over 200 non-native plant species—have destroyed much of the original habitat and plants.[4]
The introduction of non-native plants and animals was greatly hastened beginning in 1847, when Joseph Dalton Hooker advised the Royal Navy to import plants to the island to change the dry cinder soil and arid climate. Kew Gardens, whose director at the time was Hooker's father, helped ship trees to Ascension Island beginning in 1850. Green Mountain in particular was transformed through their efforts.[7][8][9] Competition from invasive and non-native maidenhair fern (Adiantum) is believed to be partly responsible for the near demise of A. ascensionis.[5]
A. ascensionis was rediscovered during a routine plant survey being performed by a team from the Ascension Island Government's Conservation Department. Because it was found growing in dry rock, on a very steep ridge, the four plants had to be watered and kept alive long enough to produce spores. Two of the plants produced spores before they died. After harvesting, the spores were quickly airlifted to Kew Gardens, where they were placed in a sterile environment to produce sporelings. Sixty new ferns were raised at Kew, along with more on Ascension Island. Since then, a small number of plants were discovered growing near the original four.[4][5]
References
- ^ a b Lambdon, P.W.; Stroud, S.; Gray, A.; Niissalo, M.; Renshaw, O.; Sarasan, V. (2010). "Anogramma ascensionis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T43919A10838179. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T43919A10838179.en. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
- ^ Christenhusz et al., 2011 Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Xian-Chun Zhang & Herald Scheider: "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns," Phytotaxa, 19: 7-54 (18 Feb. 2011)
- ^ a b Nakazato, T.; Gastony (2003). "Molecular Phylogenetics of Anogramma Species and Related Genera (Pteridaceae: Taenitidoideae)". Systematic Botany. 28 (3): 490–502. doi:10.2307/25063890. JSTOR 25063890.
- ^ a b c Gill, Victoria (June 24, 2010). "Experts rediscover plant presumed extinct for 60 years". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Ascension Island's 'extinct' parsley fern makes a dramatic reappearance during International Year of Biodiversity". Kew Gardens. June 25, 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
- ^ Cronk, Q. (1980). "Extinction and survival in the endemic vascular flora of ascension island". Biological Conservation. 17 (3): 207–219. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(80)90056-7.
- ^ Falcon-Lang, Howard (1 September 2010). "Charles Darwin's ecological experiment on Ascension isle". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ "Ascension". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Ascension Island Databasee. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
- ^ Duffey, Eric (November 1964). "The Terrestrial Ecology of Ascension Island". Journal of Applied Ecology. 1 (2). British Ecological Society: 219–251. doi:10.2307/2401310.
External links
- Science In Action BBC World Service 25 June 2010