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Later Trần dynasty

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This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ.
Great Việt
大越
Đại Việt
1407–1413
StatusUnrecognized proto-state[1]
CapitalMô Độ
(1407–1409)
Bình Than
(1409–1413)
Common languagesLiterary Chinese[2]
Vietnamese[2]
Religion
Buddhism (official), Taoism, Confucianism
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 1407–1409
Giản Định Đế (first)
• 1409–1413
Trùng Quang Đế (last)
Historical eraPostclassical Era
• Established
1407
• Disestablished
1413
CurrencyCopper-alloy cash coins
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Fourth Era of Northern Domination
Fourth Era of Northern Domination
Today part ofVietnam
Part of a series on the
History of Vietnam
Prehistoric
Paleolithic
Sơn Vi culture 20,000 BC–12,000 BC
Mesolithic
Hoabinhian 12,000 BC–10,000 BC
Neolithic
Bắc Sơn culture 10,000 BC–8,000 BC
Quỳnh Văn culture 8,000 BC–6,000 BC
Đa Bút culture 4,000 BC–3,000 BC
Bronze and Iron Ages
Phùng Nguyên culture 2,000 BC–1,500 BC
Đồng Đậu culture 1,500 BC–1,000 BC
Gò Mun culture 1,000–800 BC
Dong Son culture (1,000 BC–100 AD)
Sa Huỳnh culture (1,000 BC–200 AD)
Óc Eo culture (1–630 AD)
Ancient
Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879 BC–258 BC
Thục dynasty 257 BC–179 BC
Triệu dynasty 204 BC–111 BC
Dominated
1st Chinese domination 111 BC–40 AD
Trung sisters' rebellion 40–43
2nd Chinese domination 43–544
Early Lý dynasty544–602
3rd Chinese domination602–938
Dynastic
Ngô dynasty 939–965
Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 965–968
Đinh dynasty 968–980
Early Lê dynasty 980–1009
Later Lý dynasty 1009–1225
Trần dynasty 1225–1400
Hồ dynasty 1400–1407
4th Chinese domination 1407–1428
Later Lê dynasty 1428–1527
Mạc dynasty 1527–1592
Later Lê Restoration 1533–1789
Tây Sơn dynasty 1778–1802
Nguyễn dynasty 1802–1945
Colonial
French Cochinchina 1862–1945 / 1945–1949
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French Indochina 1887–1946/1954
Empire of Vietnam 1945
Republic
North Vietnam
 1945–1976
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 1955–1975
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Non-Vietnamese history
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Cát Tiên archaeological site 300–800
Chenla 550–781
Nanzhao 738–902
Khmer Empire 802–1431
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Jarai kingdoms 1100–1904
Sip Song Chau Tai 1600–1954
Principality of Hà Tiên1707–1832
By topic
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The Later Trần dynasty (Template:Lang-vi, chữ Nôm: 茹後陳; Sino-Vietnamese: Hậu Trần triều, chữ Hán: 後陳朝), officially Great Việt (Template:Lang-vi; chữ Hán: 大越), was a Vietnamese dynasty. It was the continuous line of the Tran dynasty that led Vietnamese rebellions against the Chinese Ming dynasty from between 1407 and 1413. The regime was characterized by two revolts against the Ming China which had by then established its rule over Vietnam.

History

First phase (1407–1409)

Main article: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam

The Ming conquest of Vietnam of 1406–1407 in attempt to remove Ho Quy Ly and to bring the previous Tran family back to the throne of Dai Viet, however resulted in the destruction of Dai Viet and the creation of Ming province of Jiaozhi. The Ming's chronicles said that when they did not see a Tran heir, they incorporated the Vietnamese kingdom into Ming Empire, but when Tran royal family members appeared and challenged the Ming rule, the Ming ignored them, even hunted down and executed them.[1] The first Vietnamese uprising against the Ming Chinese rule in 1408 was led by Prince Tran Ngoi. Vietnamese annals recognized him as the second son of the former Tran king, while the Ming considered him to be a Hmong imposter.[3] The Ming emperor ordered Mu Sheng mobilized 40,000 from Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Sichuan to repress the rebellion, but was utterly defeated by Tran Ngoi's guerrilla bands.[4] Yongle, being preoccupied with the Mongol wars, appointed Zhang Fu to replace Mu Sheng on February 23, 1409. Mobilizing 8,600 boats he had captured in 1407, along with 47,000 troops, Zhang Fu overwhelmed Tran Ngoi's 20,000 men and 600 ships in a naval battle in September 1409.[4] While Tran Ngoi was captured in December and being delivered to Nanjing for execution, his nephew Tran Quy Khoang continued leading the struggle against the Ming dynasty.[4] Tran Quy Khoang sent two missions to the Yongle emperor seeking recognition. The first pair of envoys were executed, but the Ming accepted the second pair, who carried statues of gold and silver to substitute for Tran Quy Khoang's personal presence. Yongle, who had promoted Ho Quy Ly's son Ho Nguyen Trung to a high court position, appointed Ho Nguyen Trung to speak to the envoys and find out more information. One of the envoys revealed the "true" situation to Ho, then accepted the Ming's offer to appoint Tran Quy Khoang as the Province Commissioner of Jiaozhi Province and appoint that envoy as the magistrate of Nghe An. However, upon returning, the envoy who accepted the offer was executed by Tran Quy Khoang, who was displeased at the envoy accepting the lower position on his behalf.[5]

Second phase and defeat (1409–1414)

Tran Quy Khoang eventually renewed his movement, rally more people into his rebellion. Zhang Fu was ordered to returned Jiaozhi to suppress the Vietnamese, and learned that Tran Quy Khoang had high ambitions in that part of the world and would not allow the Ming emperor to dictate the destiny of his people.[6] Zhang Fu again mobilized a strong force of 24,000, battled Tran Quy Khoang's forces in Nam Định on February 12, 1411, killed 4,500 and captured 2,000.[7] On August 6, the Ming army under general Zhang Sheng won fiercely battle in Thanh Hóa, sank 160 vessels, captured 120 boats and killed hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese.[6][8]

Outgunned and outnumbered, Tran Quy Khoang and his partisans continued fought against the superior Ming forces by utilizing Vietnam's terrains against the Ming regulars, and retreating into Cambodia when necessary.[6] By end of 1413, his force lost 60% to 70% and was forced to steal food from the Ming granaries for survival. He, his wife, and his brother were captured by the Ming on March 30, 1414, and was executed in Nanjing on August 16.[9]

Monarchs

References

  1. ^ a b Baldanza 2016, p. 66.
  2. ^ a b Taylor 2013, pp. 108-121.
  3. ^ Tsai 2011, p. 180-182.
  4. ^ a b c Tsai 2011, p. 181.
  5. ^ Baldanza 2016, p. 50, 66-67.
  6. ^ a b c Tsai 2011, p. 182.
  7. ^ Sun 2006, p. 83.
  8. ^ Sun 2006, p. 84.
  9. ^ Baldanza 2016, p. 67.

Works cited

  • Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-44055-1.
  • Sun, Laichen (2006), "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.), Viet Nam: Borderless Histories, University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 72–120, ISBN 978-1-316-44504-4
  • Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2011). Perpetual happiness: The Ming emperor Yongle. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98109-1.
  • Taylor, K. W. (9 May 2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-24435-1.
Preceded by Dynasty of Vietnam
1407–1413 		Succeeded by
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