Patriciate of Frankfurt am Main

The Particiate (Template:Lang-de) was the group of noble families which controlled in Frankfurt am Main from the High Middle Ages until the end of the Free City of Frankfurt in 1806. It consisted of a set of families who belonged to one of two patrician societies [de], called Alten Limpurg [de] and Zum Frauenstein [de].

History

In 1220, Emperor Frederick II abolished the advocatus of Frankfurt. From that point, the citizen community began to aggregate rights of self-government and privileges. From 1266, a council (Template:Lang-de) represented the Frankfurt citizenry. It consisted of three "benches" of fourteen men each. The first bench consisted of "lay judges" Schöffen [de], who represented the patrician families and were coopted onto the council based on seniority. The second bench were also patricians, drawn from the "community", while the third bench were artisans drawn from the "council-status guilds." The emperor could appoint a Schultheiß ("right-speaker") who was to protect the emperor's prerogatives and was initially the supreme authority in the city.

From 1311, the Council elected two mayors by secret ballot: the "senior mayor" (Template:Lang-de) from the first bench and the "junior mayor" (Template:Lang-de) from the second bench. In May 1372, Frankfurt purchased the office of the Schultheiß from Emperor Charles IV and finally became a free imperial city.

Most of the old Frankfurt families banded together in the patrician society of Alten Limpurg, which went back the Zum Römer drinking society, founded in 1357. There were other noble families who did not belong to Alten Limpurg. They were mostly members of the Zum Frauenstein society, which derived from another drinking club, Zum Salzhaus, which was founded in 1382. Zum Frauenstein was slightly more liberal and admitted foreigners. As a result, the "nouveau riche" only had a chance at rising to political power through the Zum Frauenstein society.

Until the end of the free city in 1806, Alten Limpurg and Zum Frauenstein had great influence over the city council, while the guild masters lost most of their power over time. Initially, most seats on the council were reserved for members of Alten Limpurg, but, during the Fettmilch uprising in 1613, it was agreed that members of Zum Frauenstein and legal graduates would also be taken into account in the selection of members of the first two benches of the council, after which there was a kind of equality in the civic government between Alten Limburg and Zum Frauenstein.

The historian Andrea Hansert divides the patriciate in the 17th century into three clearly delineated groups, which he calls the "first" (Alten Limpurg), "second" (Zum Frauenstein") and "third" patriciates. Hansert's third group contained the citizen families outside the two societies who tended to dominate the "non-patriciate" council seats. This last category included the Textor family, the maternal ancestors of Goethe.^[1]

Abolition

The patriciate was abolished with the end of the free city in 1806, when Frankfurt became part of the State of the Prince-primate [de] and then, in 1806, the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. After French rule ended in 1813, Frankfurt became a free city once more, passing a constitution in 1816. The patriciate was not revived. After that, the families in Alten Limpurg and Zum Frauenstein lost almost all the rights of nobility, which were once connected with an augmentation of honour.

The Zum Frauenstein society still exists.^[2] It administrates the Dr. Beyer Foundation [de], among other things. Frauensteinplatz and Frauensteinstrasse in Nordend are named after it. Alten Limpurg survives as a legal entity called the "noble inheritance of the house" (Template:Lang-de).^[3]

Families

Alten Limpurg families

A genealogical database of the Frankfurt patriciate names around 198 families of Alten Limpurg,^[4] of which the following were in existence before the end of the free city in 1806:

Adlerflycht, admitted to the patriciate in 1755, died out in 1835
Altzey, admitted to the patriciate in 1453, died out in 1524
Appenheimer, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1450
Baur von Eysseneck (Bauer), admitted to Alten Limpurg 1622 with Johann Martin Baur von Eysseneck, died out in 1945
Becker, admitted to the patriciate in 1440, died out in 1476
v. Bellersheim [de] named Stürzelsheim, admitted to the patriciate in 1801, died out in 1984
Blanckenberger, admitted to the patriciate in 1415, died out in 1450
Blum, admitted to the patriciate in 1476, died out in 1515
Boltog, admitted to the patriciate in 1795, died out in 1955
Börlin, admitted to the patriciate in 1467, died out in 1485
Botzheim, admitted to the patriciate in 1566, died out in 1573
Breidenbach, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1493
Bromm, admitted to the patriciate in 1477, died out in 1680
Brun zum Brunfels, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1589
Burckhard, admitted to the patriciate in 1555, died out in 1573
Burggrafen, admitted to the patriciate in 1408, died out in 1453
Caldenburg, admitted to the patriciate in 1425, died out in 1489
Cämmerer von Fulda, admitted to the patriciate in 1466, died out in 1497
Dähn, admitted to the patriciate in 1568, died out in 1572
Damm, admitted to the patriciate in 1661, died out in 1735
Degenhard, admitted to the patriciate in 1575, died out in 1652
Diermayer (Tiermayer), admitted to the patriciate in 1478, died out in 1480
Diether, admitted to the patriciate in 1641, died out in 1656
Dörnberg, admitted to the patriciate in 1801, died out in 1897
Eck I, admitted to the patriciate in 1471, died out in 1492
Eckel, admitted to the patriciate in 1514, died out in 1525
Eisenberger (Eyssenberg), admitted to the patriciate in 1485, died out in 1599
Engelbrecht, admitted to the patriciate in 1561, died out in 1577
Ergersheim, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1494
Faust von Aschaffenburg, admitted to the patriciate in 1561, died out in 1724
Faut von Monsperg (Fauthen von Monsperg), admitted to the patriciate in 1490, died out in 1516
(v.) Fichard, admitted to the patriciate in 1539, died out in 1945
Fladt, admitted to the patriciate in 1549, died out in 1605
Fleckhammer v. Aystetten, admitted to the patriciate in 1636, died out in 1727
Fleischbein (Fleischbein von Kleeberg), admitted to Alten Limpurg 1755, died out in 1774
Freitag, admitted to the patriciate in 1407, died out in 1440
Freund, admitted to the patriciate in 1513, died out in 1515
Frosch, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1584
Fürstenberg, admitted to the patriciate in 1474, died out in 1540
Gantz, admitted to the patriciate in 1463, died out in 1485
Gerolstein, admitted to the patriciate in 1538, died out in 1549
Geuch, admitted to the patriciate in 1464, died out in 1522
von Glauburg [de], admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1830
Goldstein, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1428
Grünberger (Grünberg), admitted to the patriciate in 1517, died out in 1530
Günderrode [de], admitted to the patriciate in 1588, died out in 1980
Harheim, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1434
Hartmuth v. Birkenbach, admitted to the patriciate in 1544, died out in 1554
Hartrad (auch Hartrad von Dieburg), admitted to the patriciate in 1357, died out in 1432
Hayne (Haane), admitted to the patriciate in 1433, died out in 1504
Hell gen. Pfeffer, admitted to the patriciate in 1495, died out in 1536
Heller, admitted to the patriciate in 1486, died out in 1502
Hengsperg, admitted to the patriciate in 1443, died out in 1487
Heringen, admitted to the patriciate in 1439, died out in 1492
Heusenstamm, admitted to the patriciate in 1495, died out in 1525
Hohenhaus (zum Hohenhaus), admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1420
Hohenstein, admitted to the patriciate in 1747, died out in 1792
Holtzheimer, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1510
von Holzhausen [de], admitted to the patriciate in 1406; the Frankfurt branch of the family ended with the death of Adolph von Holzhausen in 1923.
von Humbracht [de], admitted to the patriciate in 1427, died out in 1896 with the death of Hermann von Humbracht (from 1883 Freiherr von Humbracht)
Humbrecht (zum Humbrecht), admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1477
Hynsperg, admitted to the patriciate in 1430, died out in 1727
Imhof, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1431
Inckus zu Schwanau, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1473
Jeckel, admitted to the patriciate in 1531, died out in 1639
Joham von Mündolsheim, admitted to the patriciate in 1566, died out in 1588
[[|Jungen]] [de] (zum Jungen), admitted to the patriciate in 1430, died out with Austrian field marshal Johann Hieronymus zum Jungen in 1746
Katzmann, admitted to the patriciate in 1435, died out in 1483
Katzmann II, admitted to the patriciate in 1553, died out in 1566
Kayb, admitted to the patriciate in 1636, died out in 1760
Kellner (Keller), admitted to the patriciate in 1518, died out in 1777
Kellner gen. Kaldofen, admitted to the patriciate in 1495, died out in 1510
Kempe, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1430
Kessling von Bergen, admitted to the patriciate in 1804, died out in 1808
Ketelhodt, admitted to the patriciate in 1798, died out in 1887
Knoblauch, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1599
Kranche (zum Kranche), admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1418
Kühorn, admitted to the patriciate in 1501, died out in 1599
Lamb (zum Lamb), admitted to the patriciate in 1543, died out in 1559
Landeck, admitted to the patriciate in 1430, died out in 1500
Leneck (Linung), admitted to the patriciate in 1482, died out in 1572
von Lersner [de], admitted to the patriciate in 1566, blühend, seit 1881 Freiherren von Lersner
Lichtenstein, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1498
Marburg (zum Paradies), admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1502
Martorff, admitted to the patriciate in 1467, died out in 1614
Melem, admitted to Alten Limperg 1522, died out in 1654
Mengershausen, admitted to the patriciate in 1548, died out in 1632
Molsberg, admitted to the patriciate in 1513, died out in 1541
Monis, admitted to the patriciate in 1441, died out in 1504
Mühlen, admitted to the patriciate in 1733, still extant
Mynner, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1463
Nebenzayl, admitted to the patriciate in 1471, died out in 1480
Neuhaus, admitted to the patriciate in 1459, died out in 1666
Nygebur, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1452
Ockstadt, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1443
Oede (von der Oede), admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1450
Ovenbach, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1478
Palmstorfer, admitted to the patriciate in 1430, died out in 1484
Pistorius v. Nidda, admitted to the patriciate in 1619, died out in 1639
Preme, admitted to the patriciate in 1590, died out in 1622
Preuß (Prüsse, Prusse), admitted to the patriciate in 1421, died out in 1468
Raiss (Rais), admitted to the patriciate in 1459, 1473 and 1477, died out in 1589
Rauscher, admitted to the patriciate in 1543, died out in 1596
Reiffenstein, admitted to the patriciate in 1518, died out in 1551
Rhein (vom Rhein), admitted to the patriciate in 1411, died out in 1577
Römer (zum Römer gen. Cöllner), admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1436
Rorbach (Rohrbach), admitted to the patriciate in 1466, died out in 1570
Rotzmaul, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1418
Rücker, admitted to the patriciate in 1517, died out in 1659
Rückersfeld, admitted to the patriciate in 1575, died out in 1591
Rückingen, admitted to the patriciate in 1473, died out in 1521
Ruenner, admitted to the patriciate in 1440, died out in 1514
Ruland, admitted to the patriciate in 1675, died out in 1743
Rumpenheim, admitted to the patriciate in 1489, died out in 1557
Sachs (Sassen), admitted to the patriciate in 1471, died out in 1510
Sack, admitted to the patriciate in 1802, died out in 1816
Schad v. Mittelbiberach, admitted to the patriciate in 1603, died out in 1737
Scheid, admitted to the patriciate in 1489, died out in 1572
Schildknecht, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1480
Schmidt (Schmyt), admitted to the patriciate in 1474, died out in 1532
Schnabel (Snabel), admitted to the patriciate in 1438, died out in 1470
Schönwetter v. Heymbach, admitted to the patriciate in 1489, died out in 1519
Schrendeisen, admitted to the patriciate in 1575, died out in 1598
Schwarzenberg, admitted to the patriciate in 1411, died out in 1516
Selbold, admitted to the patriciate in 1412, died out in 1439
Siegwein, admitted to the patriciate in 1463, died out in 1514
Silberborner, admitted to the patriciate in 1461, died out in 1562
Sorgenloch gen. Gensfleisch, admitted to the patriciate in 1522, died out in 1550
Sossenheimer (Sossenheim), admitted to the patriciate in 1494, died out in 1506
Speyer, admitted to the patriciate in 1411, died out in 1479
Stalburg (Stalberg, Stalberger), admitted to the patriciate in 1468, died out in 1824
Staud, admitted to the patriciate in 1563, died out in 1570
Steffan von Cronstetten (Stephanshenn), admitted to the patriciate in 1505, died out in 1766
Steinhaus (im Steinhaus), admitted to the patriciate in 1421, died out in 1468
Stetten, admitted to the patriciate in 1596, died out in 1733
Stralenberg, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1636
Stumpf v. Dettingen, admitted to the patriciate in 1486, died out in 1552
Sundhausen, admitted to the patriciate in 1517, died out in 1550
Syvertes, admitted to the patriciate in 1733, died out in 1748
Uffsteiner, admitted to the patriciate in 1495, died out in 1669
Völker, admitted to the patriciate in 1447, died out in 1761
Wachendorf, admitted to the patriciate in 1470, died out in 1483
Walther v. Herborn, admitted to the patriciate in 1608, died out in 1627
Weiß v. Limpurg, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1656
Wernher, admitted to the patriciate in 1524, died out in 1535
Wetter, admitted to the patriciate in 1505, died out in 1516
Wiedtmann, admitted to the patriciate in 1571, died out in 1575
Winden, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1420
Wolff I, admitted to the patriciate in 1507, died out in 1534
Wunderer, admitted to the patriciate in 1613, died out in 1794
Ysseneck, admitted to the patriciate in 1471, died out in 1509
Zedtwitz, admitted to the patriciate in 1544, died out in 1554
v. Ziegesar, admitted to the patriciate in 1774, died out in 1901
Zingel, admitted to the patriciate in 1406, died out in 1444

Zum Frauenstein families

A genealogical database of the Frankfurt patriciate names a total of 223 families in Zum Frauenstein,^[5] of which the following were the most significant families up to the end of the free city in 1806:

Aa gen. Wackerwald (only representative was Johann Aa gen. Wackerwald), admitted to the patriciate in 1469, died out before 1479
Adelheuser, admitted to the patriciate in 1613, died out in 1634
Assenheimer, admitted to the patriciate in 1494, died out in 1510
Bär zum Bären, admitted to the patriciate in 1520, died out in 1539
Barckhaus (Barckhausen), admitted to the patriciate in 1683, died out in 1815 (see also Wiesenhütten)
Baur von Eysseneck (Bauer), admitted to the patriciate in 1613, transferred to Alten Limpurg in 1622
Bebinger, admitted to the patriciate in 1584, died out in 1646
Becht, admitted to the patriciate in 1600, died out in 1641
Bencker I, admitted to the patriciate in 1494, died out in 1521
Bender von Bienenthal, admitted to the patriciate in 1669, died out in 1835
Beyer I, admitted to the patriciate in 1494, died out in 1511
Beyer II, admitted to the patriciate in 1613, died out in 1625
Blum, admitted to the patriciate in 1430, died out in 1492
Bocher, admitted to the patriciate in 1532, died out in 1562
Braumann, admitted to the patriciate in 1557, died out in 1664
Braun, admitted to the patriciate in 1556, died out in 1704
Bromm, admitted to the patriciate in 1439, died out in 1457
Bruder, admitted to the patriciate in 1659, died out in 1677
Clemm, admitted to the patriciate in 1692, died out in 1719
Cless, admitted to the patriciate in 1636, died out in 1676
Combder, admitted to the patriciate in 1560, died out in 1575
Comes, admitted to the patriciate in 1439, died out in 1508
Degen, admitted to the patriciate in 1452, died out in 1473
Demer, admitted to the patriciate in 1483, died out in 1499
Deublinger, admitted to the patriciate in 1578, died out in 1640
Diermayer (Tiermayer), admitted to the patriciate in 1481, died out in 1495
Dirmstein, admitted to the patriciate in 1405, died out in 1507
Eberhard gen. Schwind, admitted to the patriciate in 1655, died out in 1748
Eck I, admitted to the patriciate in 1420, died out in 1471
Eck II, admitted to the patriciate in 1532, died out in 1540
Eller, admitted to the patriciate in 1523, died out in 1591
Eschborn, admitted to the patriciate in 1541, died out in 1557
Faut von Monsperg, admitted to the patriciate in 1405, died out in 1490
Fischer, admitted to the patriciate in 1609, died out in 1730
Fleischbein (Fleischbein von Kleeberg), admitted to the patriciate in 1589, died out in 1824
Freund, admitted to the patriciate in 1510, died out in 1540
Gerlach, admitted to the patriciate in 1566, died out in 1601
Geuch, admitted to the patriciate in 1439, died out in 1459
Glock, admitted to the patriciate in 1677, died out in 1710
Grambs, admitted to the patriciate in 1626, died out in 1788
Grünberger (Grünberg), admitted to the patriciate in 1483, died out in 1538
Hegwein, admitted to the patriciate in 1613, died out in 1632
Heller, admitted to the patriciate in 1405, died out in 1502
Heyden, admitted to the patriciate in 1738, died out in 1900
Hock, admitted to the patriciate in 1609, died out in 1624
Holzapfel, admitted to the patriciate in 1648, died out in 1663
Horst, admitted to the patriciate in 1692, died out in 1706
Huß, admitted to the patriciate in 1494, died out in 1510
Inkus, admitted to the patriciate in 1443, died out in 1483
Jeckel, admitted to the patriciate in 1500, died out in 1520
Jostenhofer, admitted to the patriciate in 1483, died out in 1493
Kalbach, admitted to the patriciate in 1509, died out in 1520
Kellner (Keller), admitted to the patriciate in 1502, died out in 1516
Kesseler, admitted to the patriciate in 1494, died out in 1515
Kistner, admitted to the patriciate in 1611, died out in 1632
Köhler, admitted to the patriciate in 1589, died out in 1616
Koler, admitted to the patriciate in 1554, died out in 1613
Köth, admitted to the patriciate in 1560, died out in 1575
Krafft, admitted to the patriciate in 1585, died out in 1632
Kropp, admitted to the patriciate in 1490, died out in 1503
Lauterbach, admitted to the patriciate in 1734, died out in 1798
Leimberger, admitted to the patriciate in 1520, died out in 1559
Leneck (Linung), admitted to the patriciate in 1405, died out in 1457
Leutwein, admitted to the patriciate in 1616, died out in 1641
Loen, admitted to the patriciate in 1771, died out in 1900
Loett, admitted to the patriciate in 1499, died out in 1509
Lonicerus, admitted to the patriciate in 1570, died out in 1586
Malapert gen. v. Neufville [de], admitted to the patriciate in 1807, died out in 1900
May (May von Mayenstein), admitted to the patriciate in 1614, died out in 1635
Medenbach, admitted to the patriciate in 1601, died out in 1624
Melem, admitted to the patriciate in 1460, died out in 1531
Mirsfeld, admitted to the patriciate in 1488, died out in 1504
Mohr von Mohrenheim, admitted to the patriciate in 1677, ended with the death of Christian Bonaventura Mohr von Mohrenheim in 1770
Müller I, admitted to the patriciate in 1620, died out in 1631
Müller II, admitted to the patriciate in 1623, died out in 1636
Müßler, admitted to the patriciate in 1517, died out in 1577
Nees, admitted to the patriciate in 1565, died out in 1616
Neuhaus, admitted to the patriciate in 1413, died out in 1462
Niclas gen. Steinmetz, admitted to the patriciate in 1523, died out in 1636
Nordeck, admitted to the patriciate in 1587, died out in 1635
Ochs, admitted to the patriciate in 1513, died out in 1540
Oerdinger, admitted to the patriciate in 1576, died out in 1589
Oetinger, admitted to the patriciate in 1786, died out in 1900
Olenschlager, admitted to the patriciate in 1771, died out in 1820
Orth [de], admitted to the patriciate in 1543, died out in 1783
Pfleger, admitted to the patriciate in 1582, died out in 1628
Pherrer, admitted to the patriciate in 1492, died out in 1500
Pithan, admitted to the patriciate in 1571, died out in 1608
Pregler, admitted to the patriciate in 1513, died out in 1534
Rauch, admitted to the patriciate in 1520, died out in 1530
Reckmann, admitted to the patriciate in 1558, died out in 1611
Rehm, admitted to the patriciate in 1595, died out in 1609
Rensdorf, admitted to the patriciate in 1461, died out in 1521
Rensfeld, admitted to the patriciate in 1592, died out in 1603
Riese (Riese-Stallburg), admitted to the patriciate in 1788, died out in 1900
Rorbach (Rohrbach), admitted to the patriciate in 1411, died out in 1482
Rumpf, admitted to the patriciate in 1527, died out in 1543
Scharpf, admitted to the patriciate in 1589, died out in 1601
Schelm, admitted to the patriciate in 1434, died out in 1446
Schlarff, admitted to the patriciate in 1588, died out in 1598
Schmidt (Schmyt), admitted to the patriciate in 1443, died out in 1475
Schnabel (Snabel), admitted to the patriciate in 1405, died out in 1417
Schneider (Schneider gen. Schmidt), admitted to the patriciate in 1734, died out in 1835
Schönberg, admitted to the patriciate in 1479, died out in 1486
Schott, admitted to the patriciate in 1466, died out in 1604
Schreck, admitted to the patriciate in 1486, died out in 1511
Schütz, admitted to the patriciate in 1641, died out in 1654
Schwappach, admitted to the patriciate in 1479, died out in 1490
Schwarzenberg (Schwarzberg), admitted to the patriciate in 1579, died out in 1596
Schwarzkopf, admitted to the patriciate in 1544, died out in 1585
Schwind, admitted to the patriciate in 1612, died out in 1648
Seiffart (Seiffart v. Klettenberg), admitted to the patriciate in 1635, died out in 1786
Seuboth, admitted to the patriciate in 1574, died out in 1601
Sossenheimer (Sossenheim), admitted to the patriciate in 1439, died out in 1493
Sparr, admitted to the patriciate in 1616, died out in 1637
Stahl, admitted to the patriciate in 1576, died out in 1609
Stalburg (Stalberg, Stalberger), admitted to the patriciate in 1436, died out in 1484
Stauff, admitted to the patriciate in 1497, died out in 1574
Steffan von Cronstetten (Stephanshenn), admitted to the patriciate in 1465, died out in 1475
Steg I (vom Stege), admitted to the patriciate in 1446, died out in 1467
Steg II, admitted to the patriciate in 1510, died out in 1537
Steinheimer, admitted to the patriciate in 1483, died out in 1613
Steinmeyer, admitted to the patriciate in 1613, died out in 1667
Thomas, admitted to the patriciate in 1466, died out in 1519
Uffenbach, admitted to the patriciate in 1614, died out in 1799
Uffsteiner, admitted to the patriciate in 1439, died out in 1658
Ugelheimer, admitted to the patriciate in 1444, died out in 1585
Venrade (Venrode), admitted to the patriciate in 1483, died out in 1504
Weber, admitted to the patriciate in 1643, died out in 1673
Weitz, admitted to the patriciate in 1630, died out in 1690
Werlin, admitted to the patriciate in 1692, died out in 1741
Westhofen, admitted to the patriciate in 1560, died out in 1572
Wiesenhütten (Barckhaus gen. v. Wiesenhütten), admitted to the patriciate in 1780, died out in 1836
Wolff I, admitted to the patriciate in 1488, died out in 1499
Wolff II, admitted to the patriciate in 1539, died out in 1559
Zang, admitted to the patriciate in 1680, died out in 1738
Ziegle, admitted to the patriciate in 1511, died out in 1578
Ziepf, admitted to the patriciate in 1527, died out in 1557

References

^ "SEHEPUNKTE - Rezension von: Geburtsaristokratie in Frankfurt am Main - Ausgabe 15 (2015), Nr. 10". Retrieved 2021-10-22.
^ Website der Patriziergesellschaft Zum Frauenstein, accessed on 22 October 2021.
^ "Adelige Ganerbschaft des Hauses Alten Limpurg". Retrieved 2021-10-22.
^ Das Frankfurter Patriziat – Alten Limpurg
^ Das Frankfurter Patriziat - Frauenstein

Bibliography

Frankfurt am Main (in German). Jan Thorbecke Verlag Sigmaringen. 1991. ISBN 3799541586.
Andrea Hansert, Geburtsaristokratie in Frankfurt am Main. Geschichte des reichsstädtischen Patriziats, Wien, Köln, Weimar 2014.
Rainer Koch, Grundlagen bürgerlicher Herrschaft. Verfassungs- und sozialgeschichtliche Studien zur bürgerlichen Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main (1612–1866) (= Frankfurter historische Abhandlungen. vol. 27). Steiner, Wiesbaden 1983, ISBN 3-515-03858-2 (= Frankfurt am Main, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 1981).
Hans Körner, Frankfurter Patrizier. Historisch-Genealogisches Handbuch der Adeligen Ganerbschaft des Hauses Alten-Limpurg zu Frankfurt am Main. Vögel, München 1971.
Franz Lerner, Die Frankfurter Patriziergesellschaft Alten-Limpurg und ihre Stiftungen. Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1952.

[1] "SEHEPUNKTE - Rezension von: Geburtsaristokratie in Frankfurt am Main - Ausgabe 15 (2015), Nr. 10". Retrieved 2021-10-22.

[2] Website der Patriziergesellschaft Zum Frauenstein, accessed on 22 October 2021.

[3] "Adelige Ganerbschaft des Hauses Alten Limpurg". Retrieved 2021-10-22.

[4] Das Frankfurter Patriziat – Alten Limpurg

[5] Das Frankfurter Patriziat - Frauenstein

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]