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"Sovereign of the East" redirects here. For the Chinese deity, see King of the East.
Meetei Mayek
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Nongpok Ningthou
(Template:Lang-omp)
Sovereign of the East
Guardian God of the Eastern Direction
King of the Nongmaiching Mountains
Member of Maikei Ngaakpa Lais and Umang Lais
"Nongpok Ningthou", the name of the God, written in archaic Meetei Mayek abugida
Other namesKainou Chingsompa Angoupa Apanpa
AffiliationMeitei mythology (Manipuri mythology) and Meitei religion (Sanamahism)
Major cult centerNongmaiching Mountains (alias Selloi Langmai Ching)[1]
AbodeNongmaiching Mountains (alias Selloi Langmai Ching)[1]
Weaponspear
TextsLangkol Chingkoipa, Nongmaiching Chingkoipa, Panthoibi Khongul, Panthoibi Naheirol
GenderMale
RegionAncient Kangleipak (early Manipur)
Ethnic groupMeitei ethnicity
FestivalsLai Haraoba
ConsortPanthoibi[2][3]
Equivalents
HinduShiva[4]
ChineseKing Father of the East
Term
EnglishNongpok Ningthou
Ancient Meiteiꯂꯥꯡꯃꯥꯢ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ / ꯂꯥꯡꯃꯥꯏ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ
(lang-mai ning-thou)
Modern Meiteiꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ
(nong-pok ning-thou)
Assameseনোংপোক নিংথৌ
(nong-pok ning-thou)
Bengaliনোঙপোক নিঙথৌ
(nong-pok ning-thou)
Hindiनोंपोक निंथौ
(nong-pok ning-thou)
Sanamahism
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Meitei mythology
A tableau depicting Meitei divine mythical beings, like Hiyang Hiren and Pakhangba.
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Heroes and heroines
Mythical creatures
Related
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Part of a series on
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Nongpok Ningthou (Ancient Meitei: Langmai Ningthou), also known as Sovereign of the East or King of the East,[5][6] is a deity in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is the ruling guardian deity of the eastern direction.[7][8][9][10] Legend says Nongpok Ningthou and Panthoibi got united in the Nongmaiching mountains (Langmai mountains).[8][11] Later, they were worshipped as the civilization giving deities in Meitei religion.[12]

Nongpok Ningthou is one of the principal Umang Lais. He was originally known as "Langmai Ningthou" (lit. Lord of the Langmai people).[13]

He is the highest divinity in the Umang Lais. The term Nongpok Ningthou means "Sovereign of the East" or "King of the East".[5][6]

Etymology

In Meitei language (Manipuri language), the word "Nongpok" (ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ, /noŋ.pok/) literally means "the East". Morphologically, "Nongpok" can be broken into "Nong" and "Pok". Here, "Nong" means "day" and "Pok" means "to give birth".[14] The Meitei term "Ningthou" (ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ, /niŋ.tʰəu/) literally means "the King", "the Ruler" or "the Sovereign".[15]

The English translation of the name Nongpok Ningthou is "Sovereign of the East" or "King of the East".[5][6]

History

The Nongmaiching Hill (also known as Selloi Langmai Hills) was the ancestral territory of the Selloi Langmai people. This zone has the strongest worship of God Langmai Ningthou (Nongpok Ningthou). According to the Nongmaiching Chingkoipa (AKA Nongmaijing Chingoiba) text, the mountain in the east and beyond the rivers (Imphal R., Iril R. and Kongba R.) is the abode of God Keinou Chingsompa (another name of Nongpok Ningthou).[16]

According to the Thalon (Tharon) text, Selloi Langmai Hill had 5 divisions. Each division was occupied by different ethnic groups. Each groups had different ancestral deities. These were later described as the 5 pillars of the Selloi Langmai country.[16]

Territories Latin transliteration (Romanization) Deities Latin transliteration (Romanization)
ꯑꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯣ Andro ꯑꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯣ ꯀꯣꯟꯕ, ꯄꯅꯝ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ Andro Konba, Panam Ningthou (lit.Chief of Panam)
ꯀꯩꯅꯧ Keinou ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯌꯥ, ꯀꯩꯅꯧ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ Tariya, the Keinou Lakpa (lit. Chief of Keinou)
ꯋꯥꯈꯥ Wakha ꯄꯨꯂꯩꯂꯣꯝꯄ (ꯄꯨꯔꯩꯔꯣꯝꯕ), ꯋꯥꯈꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ Puleilompa (Pureiromba), the Wakha Lakpa (lit. Chief of Wakha)
ꯆꯤꯡꯌꯥꯢ Chingyai ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯣꯝꯄ (ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯣꯝꯕ), ꯆꯤꯡꯌꯥꯢ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ Chingsomba, the Chingyai Lakpa (lit. Chief of Chingyai)
ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯥꯡ Chingshang ꯄꯥꯜꯂꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ, ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯥꯡ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ Pallung Ningthou, the Chingshang Lakpa (lit. Chief of Chingshang)

Later, in the course of time, these 5 gods belonging to 5 different places of the Selloi Langmai Hill were integrated into a single God with the name "Langmai Ningthou". The personal names became the aliases or various forms of the God. With this, the tribal society of the Selloi Langmai people evolved into a chiefdom. This chiefdom later rose to the Angom dynasty.[16]

The five deities venerated in the five divisions of the Selloi Langmai hills gradually merged into one God with the name "Langmai Ningthou" (lit. King of the Langmais).

According to the Naothingkhong Phambal Kaba PuYa, the position of the Langmai Ningthou (lit. Langmai King) rose to the highest level of the Umang Lai God. He acquired a new title "Nongpok Ningthou". It took place after the uprooting of the Selloi Langmai people by the Meetei King Ura Konthouba in the 6-7th century AD. With the end of the ethnic conflict, the Selloi Langmai people merged into the Meitei ethnicity. Their deity "Langmai Ningthou" got renamed as "Nongpok Ningthou" (lit. Sovereign of the East). The name of the God was given by the Meiteis. The God originally belonged to the Selloi Langmai people. These group of people lived in the East of the Kangla, the capital of the Meitei kingdom.[6]

The Cheitharol Kumbaba mentioned the God for the first time during the reign of King Khagemba (1597 AD-1652 AD).[6]

Mythology

God Nongpok Ningthou and Goddess Panthoibi are true lovers. They first met when the goddess was wandering in the open meadows, bathing and sporting in the cool waters of the running river. She was captivated by the handsome looks and towering personality of Nongpok Ningthou (alias Angoupa Kainou Chingsangsompa). They fell in love at first sight. He proposed her to elope with him. But the already married goddess didn't accept the instant proposal very soon because it was not even five days passed after her wedding. She insisted him to spend some time.[17]

The two lovers met secretly but regularly many times. Panthoibi's behavior causes her in-laws to have suspicion over her. Her mortal husband, Khaba Sokchrongba, tried to win her heart with many tricks. But these were useless to the goddess. Nongpok Ningthou eloped with Goddess Panthoibi, his true lover, wearing the attires of the Tangkhuls.[18][19]

Nongpok Ningthou and Panthoibi, the two divine lovers, united on the Nongmaiching Hills. Their joyous union was celebrated with dances and music by the divine beings. These celebration gave birth to the Lai Haraoba festival.[18][19]

In another version of the story, Nongpok Ningthou met goddess Panthoibi for the first time when she was helping her father at jhum cultivation (Slash-and-burn). They fell in love at first sight without no conversation. But Panthoibi was married to another man against her will. She left her husband's house to search for her true beloved. Nongpok Ningthou also left his home for the same purpose. The lovers met at the Kangla. Kangla became the place of their divine union. So, it is considered to be an auspicious place of coronation of the Meitei kings.[1]

In ancient texts

In ancient Meitei language texts like the Langkol Chingkoipa, the Nongmaiching Chingkoipa, the Panthoibi Khongul, the Panthoibi Naheirol, God Nongpok Ningthou is described as the ultimate lover of goddess Panthoibi (aka Nongpok Leima).

Langkol Chingkoipa

In the ancient Meitei language text "Langkol Chingkoipa" (aka. "Langgol Chinggoiba"), the affairs between Nongpok Ningthou and Panthoibi we're mentioned as follows:

When Panthoibi, the Meitei princess, was sporting with her paramour Nongpok Ningthou, she reminded him of the crack of dawn and of the fear of them being seen by her mother-in-law Manu Tekngā. Henceforth the slope has been known as Chingnung Shoy.

— "Langkol Chingkoipa" ("Langgol Chinggoiba")[20]

Nongmaiching Chingkoipa

In the ancient Meitei language text "Nongmaiching Chingkoipa" (aka. "Nongmaijing Chinggoiba"), God Nongpok Ningthou (aka Kainou Chingsomba) is mentioned[21] in relation to the Nongmaiching mountain as follows:

O King, the mountain situated in the east and beyond the river is the abode of Kainou Chingsomba, lord of the Langmais.

— "Nongmaiching Chingkoipa" (aka. "Nongmaijing Chinggoiba")[22]

Panthoibi Naheirol

The ancient Meitei language text Panthoibi Naheirol (Template:Lang-mni) describes about the romantic affairs of God Nongpok Ningthou and his ladylove Panthoibi. It tells about how Nongpok Ningthou suggested a plan to Panthoibi, according to which Panthoibi left her former husband's house (house of the Khaba dynasty) by tricking her in laws, and then stayed at her parental house, and then finally united with her ultimate lover in the Langmai mountains by tricking her mother.[23]

As per the plan, Panthoibi pretended to be unwell. Her mother mentioned the names of some gods, whom she (Panthoibi's mother) believed that they could cure her daughter's illness. She mentioned Wangpulen (Wangbren), Thangching (Thangjing) and Koupalu (Koubru). As none of them are Panthoibi's paramours, Panthoibi pretended that her health got worsened up at the mention of every single man. Finally, her mother mentioned Nongpok Ningthou Kainou Chingsomba as follows:

O daughter, in the eastern region there is one who has conquered Kyang of Burma and whose dominion extends far into the north. He is also regarded as an able physician for all, irrespective of one's standing in life. Let me send for him.

— Panthoibi's mother telling her daughter in the "Panthoibi Naheirol"[24]

As a reply to her mother, Panthoibi praised her lover Nongpok Ningthou as follows:

As I told you there is one who is reigning supreme in the Langmai Hills on whose slope the sun shines first. He is so powerful that he can walk in the air stepping on the clouds and can circumambulate the world seven times a day without ever showing weariness. He is my physician.

— Panthoibi telling her mother in the "Panthoibi Naheirol"[25]

Panthoibi insisted her mother to call him as soon as possible. Upon being called, Nongpok Ningthou arrived in a wink. Nongpok Ningthou pretended to examine and to cure her fake illness. After a short period of time, Panthoibi pretended to be completely recovered from her fake illness. Panthoibi told her mother about the greatness of Nongpok Ningthou as a physician as well as a saviour of her life from the brink of death.

Taking advantage of the situation, Nongpok Ningthou was followed by Panthoibi and thus, they finally got united.[26]

Cults and shrines

Most of the surviving cults and shrines dedicated to God Langmai Ningthou (Nongpok Ningthou) are located in the Nongmaiching Hill (Selloi Langmai Hill) and its nearby areas.[6]

A few of the most prominent shrines include: (1) Nongpok at Yairipok, (2) Panam Ningthou at Andro, (3) Nongpok Ningthou at Khoirom, (4) Pureiromba at Lamlai, (5) Nongpok Ningthou at Engourok (Ingourok), (6) Pureiromba at Naharup, (7) Nongpok Ningthou at Takhel, (8) Pureiromba at Bamon Kampu, (9) Nongpok Ningthou at Charangpat Maning, (10) Waroi Ching Malang Lamhuiba at Waroi Ching, (11) Nongpok at Chandrakhong.[6]

These shrines are under the institution of the Umang Laism. However, there are many shrines of God Langmai Ningthou independent from the Umang Laism. Examples include Chingyai, Kharong, Isingchaibi, Nungpak Khul, Chingoi, etc. Due to the independence from the Umang Laism, these shrines were absorbed into Hinduism during the post-Charairongba era in Manipur. One notable instance is the shrine of Chingyai. The shrine of Chingyai was converted into the cult of Hindu God Shiva Mahadeva during the reign of King Chandrakirti (1850 AD-1886 AD).[6]

Khwairakpa Erel is the most famous sacred site dedicated to Nongpok Ningthou (alias Khwairakpa) in Assam. It is an island in the middle of the Barak River.[27][28]

In art

Dance

Pena (musical instrument) is an integral part of the music performance of the Panthoibi Jagoi.

Panthoibi Jagoi is a duet dance form that is accompanied by a romantic song sung by a maibi and a penakhongba (Pena (musical instrument) player). It has reference to the love of Nongpok Ningthou for his consort Panthoibi.[29][30][31]

The Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba is an enactment of the repartee between Tangkhul Pakhang (Nongpok Ningthou) and Nurabi (Panthoibi). The two players dress up in Tangkhul attires of farming in the field. This is performed on the last night of the Kanglei Haraoba (a form of Lai Haraoba).[32]

Festival

Further information: Fairs and festivals in Manipur

The Nongpok Ningthou Panthoibi Haraoba festival is celebrated for five consecutive days every year in Manipur. One of the grand celebrations is organized in Kwatha.[33]

Sacred sites

  • The deity Nongpok Ningthou and his goddess Panthoibi have a pantheon Nongpok Ningthou Panthoibi Hill in Yairipok, Manipur.[34]
  • Every year, thousands of devotees throng to the sacred site of God Nongpok Ningthou to seek his blessings near the Jiri river in Assam.[35][36][37]
  • In a place Kwatha, there is a sacred place of God Nongpok Ningthou and his goddess Panthoibi, where devotees gather to worship them.[38]
  • There is a sacred site of God Nongpok Ningthou and his goddess Panthoibi at Yanglem Leikai.[39]
  • Nongpok Ningthou Laishang, a sacred site of the god is also situated in Bishnupur, Manipur, India.[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Vijaylakshmi Brara, N. (1998). Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East. Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-564331-2 – via archive.org.
  2. ^ Roy, L. Somi (2021-06-21). And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-91149-65-9.
  3. ^ "E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris".
  4. ^ Singh, Balmiki Prasad (1987). The problem of change. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-562052-8.
  5. ^ a b c Devi, Lairenlakpam Bino (2002). The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170998495.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Birajit, Soibam (2014-12-01). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur). p. 80.
  7. ^ Vijaylakshmi Brara, N. (1998). Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East. Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-19-564331-2 – via archive.org.
  8. ^ a b Religion Of Manipur. Firma Klm. 1980 – via archive.org.
  9. ^ A Critical Study Of The Religious Philosophy. August 1991. p. 57 – via archive.org.
  10. ^ Parratt, Saroj Nalini (1980). The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals, and Historical Development. Firma KLM. ISBN 978-0-8364-0594-1.
  11. ^ Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.
  12. ^ Traditional Performing Arts of North-East India. Assam Academy for Cultural Relations. 1990.
  13. ^ Birajit, Soibam (2014-12-01). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur). p. 78.
  14. ^ "Sharma, H. Surmangol. Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary. Meaning of Nongpok". uchicago.edu (in Manipuri and English). 2006.
  15. ^ "Sharma, H. Surmangol. Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary. Meaning of Ningthou". uchicago.edu (in Manipuri and English). 2006.
  16. ^ a b c Birajit, Soibam (2014-12-01). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur). p. 79.
  17. ^ Devi, Nunglekpam Premi (2018-04-14). A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works. FSP Media Publications. p. 28.
  18. ^ a b Devi, Nunglekpam Premi (2018-04-14). A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works. FSP Media Publications. p. 29.
  19. ^ a b Devi, Dr Yumlembam Gopi. Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. Lulu.com. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7.
  20. ^ Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. p. 103. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  21. ^ Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. p. 102. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  22. ^ Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. p. 102. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  23. ^ Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. pp. 60, 61. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  24. ^ Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. pp. 60, 61. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  25. ^ Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. pp. 61, 62. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  26. ^ Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. p. 62. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  27. ^ "Thousands throng sacred shrine at Barak River". www.thesangaiexpress.com.
  28. ^ "Devotees offer prayers at sacred shrine of Khwairakpa Erel". www.imphaltimes.com. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
  29. ^ Lisam, Khomdan Singh (2011). Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.). Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7835-864-2.
  30. ^ Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (2020-11-25). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-000-29637-2.
  31. ^ Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (2020-11-25). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-000-29637-2.
  32. ^ Noni, Arambam; Sanatomba, Kangujam (2015-10-16). Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9.
  33. ^ "Kwatha Nongpok Ningthou and Ema Panthoibi haraoba – Manipur News". 29 April 2017. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
  34. ^ "NONGPOK NINGTHOU PANTHOIBI HILL". wikimapia.org.
  35. ^ "Devotees offer prayers at Nongpok Ningthou sacred site - Imphal Times". www.imphaltimes.com.
  36. ^ "Devotees offer prayers at Nongpok Ningthou sacred site - Rediff Realtime News". realtime.rediff.com.
  37. ^ "Devotees offer prayers at Nongpok Ningthou sacred site". www.thesangaiexpress.com.
  38. ^ "Kwatha Nongpok Ningthou and Ema Panthoibi haraoba – Manipur News". 29 April 2017.
  39. ^ "Info page". Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  40. ^ "Nongpok Ningthou Laishang, West Bengal".
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