United States R-class submarine

	Tied up along the dock from right to left: R-12 (SS-89), R-15 (SS-92), R-13 (SS-90) with R-9 (SS-86) and an unidentified R-boat probably in Pearl Harbor, c. mid-1920s.
Class overview
Name	R class
Builders	Fore River Shipyard (R-1 to R-14); Union Iron Works (R-15 to R-20); Lake Torpedo Boat (R-21 to R-27); Electric Boat (4 boats for Peru);
Operators	United States Navy; Peruvian Navy; Royal Navy;
Preceded by	O class
Succeeded by	S class
Built	1917-1919
In commission	1918-1931, 1940-1945
Completed	27
Lost	2
Retired	25
General characteristics
Type	Submarine
Displacement	Group 1:; 569 long tons (578 t) surfaced; 680 long tons (691 t) submerged; Group 2:; 510 long tons (518 t) surfaced; 583 long tons (592 t) submerged;
Length	Group 1: 186 ft 2 in (56.74 m); Group 2: 175 ft (53 m);
Beam	Group 1: 18 ft 1 in (5.51 m); Group 2: 16 ft 8 in (5.08 m);
Draft	Group 1: 14 ft 5 in (4.39 m); Group 2: 13 ft 11 in (4.24 m);
Propulsion	Group 1:; 2 × 600 hp (447 kW) NELSECO diesel engines; 2 × 467 hp (348 kW) Electro Dynamic Co. electric motors; 2 × 60-cell batteries; 2 × shafts; Group 2:; 2 × 500 hp (373 kW) Busch-Sulzer diesel engines; 2 × 400 hp (298 kW) Diehl electric motors; 2 × 60-cell batteries; 2 × shafts;
Speed	Group 1:; 13.5 knots (25.0 km/h; 15.5 mph) surfaced; 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) submerged; Group 2:; 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) surfaced; 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) submerged;
Test depth	200 ft (61 m)
Complement	30 officers and men
Armament	Group 1:; 4 × 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, 8 torpedoes; 1 × 3 inch (76 mm)/50 caliber deck gun; Group 2:; 4 × 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes, 8 torpedoes; 1 × 3 inch (76 mm)/50 caliber deck gun;

The R-class submarines were a class of United States Navy submarines active from 1918 until 1945. With the first of the class laid down following the American entry into World War I, they were built rapidly. Although R-15 through R-20 were completed July–October 1918, they did not serve overseas, and the bulk of the class were not completed until after the Armistice.

Design

Group 1: The R-1 through R-20 boats, designed by Electric Boat and built by Fore River Shipyard and Union Iron Works, were known as the R-1-class submarines. These single-hull boats were structurally very similar to the preceding O class, but larger and therefore with more powerful machinery to maintain the required speed. For the first time in a US submarine class, 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted, a tube diameter that is still standard worldwide. A more powerful fixed 3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber deck gun replaced the retractable 3-inch/23 caliber gun found on previous classes.^[1]

Group 2: R-21 to R-27, which were slightly smaller and faster than the R-1s, were designed and built by Lake Torpedo Boat Co. and are sometimes regarded as a separate class, the R-21 class. Compared with the Lake-designed O-class group, these featured a double hull and had their diving planes more conventionally positioned fore and aft, but retained the Lake O-class' characteristic wide stern and 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes. They were equipped with the same 3-inch/50 deck gun as the Group 1 boats. Their smaller size compared with Group 1 allowed Lake to repeat the machinery of their O-class boats, which probably resulted in cost savings. Some Group 2 boats were fitted with a bow fairing to improve reserve buoyancy. This probably housed expanded ballast tanks. Unlike the Group 1 boats, most of which survived to serve in World War II, the Group 2 boats were scrapped in 1930 as part of the Navy's compliance with the London Naval Treaty. The Lake company's demise in 1924 and the obsolescent 18-inch torpedo armament probably also contributed to this.^[2]^[3]

Service

The Group 1 boats, after crossing the Panama Canal as a group of 20 on January 18, 1931 were decommissioned in 1931, but were recommissioned in 1940, patrolling in the Caribbean or being used as sonar targets at Key West, Florida, also patrolling between Submarine Base New London, Connecticut and Bermuda. At least two R-boats unsuccessfully fired torpedoes at German U-boats on the Bermuda patrols. Three (R-3, R-17, and R-19) were transferred to the United Kingdom's Royal Navy as HMS P.511, HMS P.512, and HMS P.514 in 1941-1942. P.514 was lost on 21 June 1942 in a collision with the Canadian minesweeper HMCS Georgian due to being mistaken for a U-boat. R-12 was lost on 12 June 1943 in an accident off Key West.

At some point between the wars the US R class were modified for improved rescue ability in the event of sinking. A motor room hatch was added, the motor room being the aftermost compartment. The tapered after casing became a step as a result of this modification.^[4]

At least one R-class submarine can be seen briefly in the 1943 movie Crash Dive, filmed at the New London submarine base.

Electric Boat built four R-class boats for the Peruvian Navy (R-1 to R-4). Built after World War I using materials assembled from cancelled S-class submarines, they were refitted in 1935–36 and 1955–56, and renamed Islay, Casma, Pacocha, and Arica in 1957. They were discarded in 1960.

In December 2020, the remains of R-8 were discovered off the coast of Ocean City, Maryland.^[5] The vessel sank there in 1936, after being used for target practice by bombers.

Ships in class

The 27 submarines of the R class were:

Construction data for Group 1 (Electric Boat design)
Ship name and hull no.	Builder	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Decommissioned	Fate
USS R-1 (SS-78)	Fore River Shipbuilding	16 October 1917	24 August 1918	16 December 1918	20 September 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-2 (SS-79)		16 October 1917	23 September 1918	24 January 1919	10 May 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-3 (SS-80)		11 December 1917	18 January 1919	17 April 1919	transferred to United Kingdom 4 November 1941	Scrapped 1948
USS R-4 (SS-81)		16 October 1917	26 October 1918	28 March 1919	18 June 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-5 (SS-82)		16 October 1917	24 November 1918	15 April 1919	14 September 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-6 (SS-83)		17 December 1917	1 March 1919	1 May 1919	27 September 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-7 (SS-84)		6 December 1917	5 April 1919	1 May 1919	14 September 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-8 (SS-85)		4 March 1918	17 April 1919	21 July 1919	2 May 1931, sank at moorings 1936	Raised and expended as target 1936; remains discovered 2020
USS R-9 (SS-86)		6 March 1918	24 May 1919	30 July 1919	25 September 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-10 (SS-87)		21 March 1918	28 June 1919	20 August 1919	18 June 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-11 (SS-88)		18 March 1918	21 July 1919	5 September 1919	5 September 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-12 (SS-89)		28 March 1918	15 August 1919	23 September 1919	N/A	Sank during training exercise 12 June 1943; wreck found 2011
USS R-13 (SS-90)		27 March 1918	27 August 1919	17 October 1919	14 September 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-14 (SS-91)		6 November 1918	10 October 1919	24 December 1919	7 May 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-15 (SS-92)	Union Iron Works	30 April 1917	10 December 1917	27 July 1918	17 September 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-16 (SS-93)		26 April 1917	15 December 1917	5 August 1918	16 July 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-17 (SS-94)		5 May 1917	24 December 1917	18 August 1918	transferred to United Kingdom 9 March 1942	Scrapped 1945
USS R-18 (SS-95)		16 June 1917	8 January 1918	11 September 1918	19 September 1945	Scrapped 1946
USS R-19 (SS-96)		23 June 1917	28 January 1918	7 October 1918	transferred to United Kingdom 9 March 1942	Rammed and sunk by HMCS Georgian 21 June 1942
USS R-20 (SS-97)		4 June 1917	21 January 1918	26 October 1918	27 September 1945	Scrapped 1946

Construction data for Group 2 (Lake Torpedo Boat Company design)
Ship name and hull no.	Builder	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Decommissioned	Fate
USS R-21 (SS-98)	Lake Torpedo Boat Co.	19 April 1917	10 July 1918	17 June 1919	21 June 1924	Scrapped 1930
USS R-22 (SS-99)		19 April 1917	23 September 1918	1 August 1919	29 April 1925	Scrapped 1930
USS R-23 (SS-100)		25 April 1917	5 November 1918	23 October 1919	25 April 1925	Scrapped 1930
USS R-24 (SS-101)		9 May 1917	21 August 1918	27 June 1919	11 June 1925	Scrapped 1930
USS R-25 (SS-102)		26 April 1917	15 May 1919	23 October 1919	21 June 1924	Scrapped 1930
USS R-26 (SS-103)		26 April 1917	18 June 1919	23 October 1919	12 June 1925	Scrapped 1930
USS R-27 (SS-104)		16 May 1917	23 September 1918	3 September 1919	24 April 1925	Scrapped 1930

References

Notes

^ Gardiner, p. 130
^ Gardiner, p. 130
^ Pigboats.com R-boats page
^ Pigboats.com R-boats page
^ "American submarine discovered off Ocean City coast". Baltimore Sun. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.

Sources

https://web.archive.org/web/20140322093118/http://www.fleetsubmarine.com/sublist.html
Gardiner, Robert, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 Conway Maritime Press, 1985. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
Navsource.org early diesel submarines page
Pigboats.com R-boats page
DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com early 3"/50 caliber guns
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.

External links

Media related to R class submarines of the United States at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Gardiner, p. 130

[2] Gardiner, p. 130

[3] Pigboats.com R-boats page

[4] Pigboats.com R-boats page

[5] "American submarine discovered off Ocean City coast". Baltimore Sun. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.

[1]

[2]

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[5]

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