Italian concession of Tianjin

Italian concession of Tianjin
1901–1943
Flag
Status	Concession of the Kingdom of Italy
History
• Established	1901
• Annexation	1943
Preceded by Succeeded by Qing dynasty Wang Jingwei regime

The Italian World War I monument and the Piazza Regina Elena in the Italian Concession of Tientsin (ca. 1935)

The Italian concession of Tianjin (Chinese: 天津意租界; pinyin: Tiānjīn Yì Zūjiè, Template:Lang-it) was a small territory (concession) in central Tianjin (formerly romanized as Tientsin), China, controlled by the Kingdom of Italy between 1901 and 1943, officially ceded to China in 1947.

Characteristics

Italian postage stamp for Tientsin

On 7 September 1901, Italy was granted a concession of 46 hectares in Tientsin from the Chinese government. On 7 June 1902, the Italians took control of the concession, which was to be administered by an Italian consul.

After the First World War, Italy desired to add the former Austro-Hungarian concession, which was adjacent to the Italian concession and would have doubled its size. However, in 1917 China terminated the leases of Germany and Austria-Hungary's concessions. The districts were converted into "Special Areas" under Chinese control, with a separate administration from the rest of Tientsin.

Italy requested the Austrian concession again at the end of the First World War and obtained it in 1920. It returned to Chinese authorities when the Second Special Area (the former Austrian concession) was in danger of war and occupation during the Chinese Civil War.

The Italian concession became the headquarters of the Italian Legione Redenta that fought in 1919 during the Allied intervention against Soviet troops in Siberia and Manchuria.

In 1935, the Italian concession had a population of about 6,261, including 110 Italian civilians and about 536 foreigners.

It was the refuge of many rich Chinese families escaping from Japanese attacks and invasions.

The Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) stationed some vessels at Tientsin, such as the river gunboats Carlotto and Caboto.

History

A map of the foreign concessions in Tientsin in 1912 showing the Italian concession. The adjacent Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin was added to the Italian concession after World War I.

Map showing the Italian concessions & forts in China. Additionally, there were, together with other colonial powers: Taku (fort with Great Britain) and Beihai (only port commerce rights). However, the one with full and sole colonial control by Italy was Tientsin)

Map of the Italian concession

During the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, the Beijing Legation Quarter became the center of an international incident during the Siege of the International Legations by the Boxers for several months. After the siege had been broken by the Eight-Nation Alliance (that included Italy) at the end of the Battle of Peking, the foreign powers obtained the right to station troops to protect their legations under the terms of the Boxer Protocol. In addition, Italy obtained the concession in Tientsin, southeast of Beijing.

On 7 September 1901, a concession in Tientsin was ceded to the Kingdom of Italy by the Qing dynasty of China. On 7 June 1902, the concession was taken into Italian possession and administered by an Italian consul: the first was Cesare Poma and the last (in 1943) was Ferruccio Stefanelli.

Along with the other foreign concessions, the Italian concession lay on the Pei Ho, southeast of the city centre.

In the late 1920s, the Italians even held small forts such as the Forte di Shan Hai Kuan near the Great Wall of China in Manchuria and in Hankow.

In 1925, Benito Mussolini created the Battaglione italiano in Cina and quartered it with soldiers of the San Marco Regiment in the new Caserma Ermanno Carlotto. The police were Chinese, while the officers were Italians. There was even a football team in the Italian concession.

During World War II, the Italian concession in Tientsin had a garrison of approximately 600 Italian troops. On 9 September 1943, after the publication of the Italian armistice with the Allies, the concession was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army without fighting and the Italians were interned at Tangshan. In November, they were given the choice to give their allegiance to Mussolini's new Italian Social Republic. Those that did had their personal weapons returned and were used by the Japanese as labour troops.

In July 1944, the Italian Social Republic formally relinquished the concession to Wang Jingwei's Japanese-sponsored Reorganized National Government of China which, like the RSI in Axis-held northern Italy, was not recognized by the Kingdom of Italy, the Republic of China, or most other nations. The Wang Jingwei government fell when the Empire of Japan was defeated. At the same time, the Italian commercial concessions in the Shanghai International Settlement, Hankou, and Beijing were ceded to the Republic of China.

On 2 June 1946, the Kingdom of Italy became the Italian Republic and, on 10 February 1947, by virtue of the peace treaty with the Allied powers, the Italian concession was formally ceded by Italy to Chiang Kai-shek's Republic of China.

Governors

During the Italian presence, the following governors succeeded each other:

• Cesare Poma (1901–1903)
• Giuseppe Chiostri (1904–1906)
• Oreste Da Vella (1906–1911)
• Vincenzo Fileti (1912–1920)
• Marcello Roddolo (1920–1921)
• Luigi Gabrielli di Quercita (1921–1924)
• Guido Segre (1925–1927)
• Luigi Neyrone (1927–1932)
• Filippo Zappi (1932–1938)
• Ferruccio Stefenelli (1938–1943)

• 
  The Italian consulate, built in 1916
• 
  Italian barracks, built in 1916
• 
  Former residence of Cao Kun
• 
  North China Conservancy Commission
• 
  Sacred Heart Church, built in 1922
• 
  A mansion near Piazza Regina Elena
• 
  A mansion, former residence of Liang Qichao
• 
  Italian Theatre in Hebei District, Tianjin

See also

• Concessions in Tianjin
• Concessions of Italy in China
• Map of concessions in Tianjin (in Chinese)
• Italian Empire
• List of former foreign enclaves in China

Bibliography

• Cucchi, Giuseppe. Una bandiera italiana in Cina, Rivista Militare, n. 6/1986.
• De Courten, Ludovica, Sargeri, Giovanni. Le Regie truppe in Estremo Oriente, 1900-1901. Ufficio Storico Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, Roma, 2005.
• Dikötter, Frank. The Age of Openness China before Mao University of Chicago Press. Berkeley, 2008 ISBN 9780520258815.
• Donati, Sabina. Italy’s Informal Imperialism in Tianjin during the Liberal Epoch, 1902-1922, The Historical Journal, Cambridge University Press, 2016, available on CJO2016, doi:10.1017/S0018246X15000461.
• Grasselli, Enrico. L’esercito italiano in Francia e in Oriente Corbaccio ed. Milano, 1934.
• Marinelli, Maurizio, Andornino, Giovanni. Italy’s Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
• Marinelli, Maurizio. “The Triumph of the Uncanny: Italians and Italian Architecture in Tianjin”, In Cultural Studies Review, Vol. 19, 2, 2013, 70-98.
• Marinelli, Maurizio. “The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik”. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536-556.
• Mautone, Antonio. Trentini ed Italiani contro l'Armata Rossa. La storia del corpo di spedizione in Estremo Oriente e dei Battaglioni Neri. Temi editrice. Trento, 2003.