Jump to content

Macron below

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by JMF (talk | contribs) at 10:56, 26 September 2023 (→Unicode: serif for reason given in note). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

◌̱
Macron below
U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW
A̱a̱ḆḇC̱c̱

Macron below is a combining diacritical mark that is used in various orthographies.[1]

A non-combining form is U+02CD ˍ MODIFIER LETTER LOW MACRON. It is not to be confused with U+0320 ◌̠ COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW, U+0332 ◌̲ COMBINING LOW LINE and U+005F _ LOW LINE. The difference between "macron below" and "low line" is that the latter results in an unbroken underline when it is run together: compare a̱ḇc̱ and a̲b̲c̲ (only the latter should look like abc).[2]


Unicode

Macron below character

Unicode defines several characters for the macron below:

macron below
combining spacing
character Unicode HTML character Unicode HTML
◌̱
single		 U+0331 ̱ ˍ
letter		 U+02CD ˍ
◌͟◌
double		 U+035F ͟

There are many similar marks covered elsewhere:

  • Spacing underscores, including
    • U+005F _ LOW LINE (_, _)
    • U+2017 ‗ DOUBLE LOW LINE
  • Combining underlines, including
    • U+0332 ◌̲ COMBINING LOW LINE
    • U+0333 ◌̳ COMBINING DOUBLE LOW LINE
    • U+0347 ◌͇ COMBINING EQUALS SIGN BELOW;
    • U+FE2B ◌︫ COMBINING MACRON LEFT HALF BELOW
    • U+FE2C ◌︬ COMBINING MACRON RIGHT HALF BELOW
    • U+FE2D ◌︭ COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON BELOW
  • International Phonetic Alphabet mark for retracted or backed articulation:[1]
    • U+0320 ◌̠ COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW
    • U+02D7 ˗ MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN

Precomposed characters

Various precomposed letters with a macron below are defined in Unicode:

upper case lower case notes
letter Unicode HTML letter Unicode HTML
Ḇ U+1E06 Ḇ ḇ U+1E07 ḇ Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter beth (ב) representing [v], or perhaps [β].
Ḏ U+1E0E Ḏ ḏ U+1E0F ḏ Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter dalet (ד), [ð], and in the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex D. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /d/.
ẖ U+1E96 ẖ Sometimes used for Arabic خ ẖāʼ, Hebrew Heth (letter), Egyptian 𓄡.

There is no precomposed upper case equivalent of ẖ so it uses a combining macron below instead: H̱.

Ḵ U+1E34 Ḵ ḵ U+1E35 ḵ Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter kaph (כ) representing [x].

Used in Tlingit and Haida (among other Pacific Northwest languages) for the voiceless uvular stop [q]. Close to Korean ㄲ kk; closest English "shocking"

Used optionally in the K-dialect of Māori in the South Island of New Zealand, where an original ng has merged with k. The ḵ indicates that it corresponds to ng in other dialects. There is no difference in pronunciation between ḵ and k.

Ḻ U+1E3A Ḻ ḻ U+1E3B ḻ One possible transliteration of the Dravidian retroflex approximant /ɻ/ as in Tamil letter ழ. Ḻ is used in the Seri language to represent [l], like English l, while unmodified "l" represents [ɬ], like Welsh ll. It is also used in the proposed Unified Alphabet for Mapudungun.
Ṉ U+1E48 Ṉ ṉ U+1E49 ṉ Used in Pitjantjatjara to represent [ɳ], and in Saanich to represent both plain and glottalized [ɴ]. In the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex N. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /n/.
Ṟ U+1E5E Ṟ ṟ U+1E5F ṟ Used in Pitjantjatjara to represent [ɻ], and sometimes in the romanization of Pashto to represent the retroflex R. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar trill /r/.
Ṯ U+1E6E Ṯ ṯ U+1E6F ṯ Used in the proposed Unified Alphabet for Mapudungun language representing [t̪]. In the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex T. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /t/. In the romanization of Arabic this letter is used to transcribe the letter Ṯāʾ.
Ẕ U+1E94 Ẕ ẕ U+1E95 ẕ Used in the 1953 Hebrew Academy Romanization of Hebrew to represent tsade (צ).
₫ U+20AB ₫ Vietnamese đồng.

Note that the Unicode character names of precomposed characters whose decompositions contain U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW use "WITH LINE BELOW" rather than "WITH MACRON BELOW". Thus, U+1E07 ḇ LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW decomposes to U+0062 b LATIN SMALL LETTER B and U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW.[3]

The Vietnamese đồng currency sign resembles a lower case d with a stroke and macron below: U+20AB ₫ DONG SIGN but is neither a letter nor decomposable.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Combining Diacritical Marks Code Chart, Range: 0300–036F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  2. ^ "6.2 General Punctuation" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Version 11.0.0. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2018. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1. Retrieved 2018-12-12. Spacing Overscores and Underscores. U+203E OVERLINE is the above-the-line counterpart to U+005F low line. It is a spacing character, not to be confused with U+0305 COMBINING OVERLINE. As with all overscores and underscores, a sequence of these characters should connect in an unbroken line. The overscoring characters also must be distinguished from U+0304 COMBINING MACRON, which does not connect horizontally in this way.
  3. ^ "Latin Extended Additional Code Chart, Range: 1E00–1EFF" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  4. ^ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macron_below&oldid=1177160978"