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Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co.

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Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co.
CourtUnited States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
Full case name Lois E. Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Company, et al.
SubmittedOctober 21, 1997
DecidedDecember 5, 1997
Citations130 F.3d 1287; 75 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 852,72 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) ¶ 45,174; 48 Fed. R. Evid. Ser v. 454
Case history
Prior history139 F.R.D. 657 (D. Minn. 1991); 824 F. Supp. 847 (D. Minn. 1993)
Subsequent historyRehearing en banc denied, February 18, 1998
Court membership
Judges sittingTheodore McMillian, Floyd Robert Gibson, Donald P. Lay
Case opinions
MajorityLay, joined by a unanimous panel

Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co., 130 F.3d 1287 (8th Cir. 1997),[1] was the first class-action sexual harassment lawsuit in the United States. It was filed in 1988 on behalf of Lois Jenson and other female workers at the Eveleth Taconite mine in Eveleth, Minnesota on the state's northern Mesabi Range, which is part of the Iron Range.

Facts

Jenson first began working at the site in March 1975 and, along with other women, endured a continuous stream of hostile behavior from male employees, including sexual harassment, abusive language, threats, stalking and intimidation. Specifically, hostile behavior several women faced included repulsive sexual graffiti and men masturbating on women or in front of women. In one case, a man purposely kicked over a porter potty that was occupied by a female employee.[2] In another case, a woman named Judy Jarvela who also worked at the mine reported multiple instances where she came back to her locker with semen on her clothing. One of her co-worker's, Diane Hodge, reported that other male co-workers would come up from behind Jarvela and grab her breasts in front of the other co-workers.[3]

It is infrequently noted that women who were not seen as “desirable” by these men still faced harassment whether sexual or not. Oftentimes, in male-dominated workplaces, when men do not look at a certain woman sexually, they will harass her in other ways to try and get her to leave, because they believe she is taking the place of a man.[4]

Their union, USW did nothing to stop it. They worked with Eveleth's management to create a divide between the female workers in a successful attempt to get them to testify in opposition of these accusations against Eveleth.[5] On October 5, 1984, Jenson mailed a complaint to the Minnesota Department of Human Rights outlining the problems she experienced.[6] In retaliation, her car tires were slashed a week later. In January 1987, the state's agency requested that Ogelbay Norton Co.,[7] a Cleveland, Ohio-based part-owner of the mine, pay US$6,000 in punitive damages and $5,000 to Jenson for mental anguish, but the company refused.

It is evident that females working in male-dominated workplaces are treated differently than their male co-workers. This is suspected to be due to sex-role spillover, a theory suggesting the carryover or spillover of gender roles or expectations into the workplace where it is not relevant. When there is an uneven gender ratio in a workplace, sex-role spillover will take place.[4] Sex-role spillover theory is relevant to the Jenson v. Eveleth case as it was the only expert testimony allowed in the case.[8]

On August 15, 1988, attorney Paul Sprenger filed Lois E. Jenson and Patricia S. Kosmach v. Eveleth Taconite Co. in the U.S. District Court in Minneapolis. Sprenger's complaint stated that Eveleth Mines was discriminatory against female employees and created as well as condoned a hostile work environment for female workers.[5] Patricia S. Kosmach was another named plaintiff for the case, and Kathy Anderson was the third named plaintiff for the Jenson v. Eveleth case.[5] Class-action status was requested at the time, and granted by James M. Rosenbaum on December 16, 1991. Jenson quit working at the mine on January 25, 1992, and was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder a short time later.

A liability trial began on December 17, 1992, in front of Judge Richard Kyle in St. Paul, Minnesota, and six months later, he ruled that the company should have prevented the misconduct.[9] The company was ordered to educate all employees about sexual harassment.

Patrick J. McNulty of Duluth was named special master a few months later to oversee a trial that would determine the amount of money owed to the women in damages. The retired federal magistrate permitted lawyers from the mine company to obtain medical records of all of the women for their entire lifetimes. Ahead of the trial, the plaintiffs endured long depositions that explored their personal lives in great detail.

The first half of the trial for damages began in Duluth on January 17, 1995 and lasted until February 10. After a break, it resumed on May 22 and ended on June 13.

On March 28, 1996, McNulty released a 416-page report that called the women "histrionic," made public details about their private lives, and awarded them an average of $10,000 each. However, the judgment was appealed and reversed by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals on December 5, 1997.[1] A new jury trial on damages was ordered.

This case is not unique in that several other companies have had lawsuits against them for similar and almost identical behavior. There are many parallels between this case and other blue collar workplace cases to securities and grocery store cases. Specifically, a lawsuit made against the Mitsubishi plant in Normal, Illinois had many similarities other than the fact that the Jenson v. Eveleth case went to trial whereas the Mitsubishi case did not.[10] The main similarities between these two cases are the hostile sexual behavior that the women working for both companies faced; women at both companies reported to have experienced unwanted sexual advances, sexual graffiti, and more.[10]

Settlement

On December 23, 1998, just before the trial was set to begin, fifteen women settled with Eveleth Mines for a total of $3.5 million. One of the original plaintiffs, Pat Kosmach, died partway through the case, on November 7, 1994.

The case was documented in the 2002 book Class Action and a 2005 fictionalized film version, North Country.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co., 130 F.3d 1287 (8th Cir. 1997).
  2. ^ Bingham, Clara (2003). Class action : the landmark case that changed sexual harassment law. Laura Leedy Gansler (1st Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-49613-3. OCLC 53969370.
  3. ^ Baker, Carrie. The Women's Movement Against Sexual Harassment. Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
  4. ^ a b Gutek, Barbara A.; Morasch, Bruce (January 1982). "Sex-Ratios, Sex-Role Spillover, and Sexual Harassment of Women at Work". Journal of Social Issues. 38 (4): 55–74. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb01910.x.
  5. ^ a b c Hart, Melissa (2003). "Litigation Narratives: Why Jensen v es: Why Jensnn v. Eveleth Didn't Change Sexual Harassment Law, but Still Has a Story Worth Telling". Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  6. ^ "Minnesota Department of Human Rights". Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2006. Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Oglebay Norton Archived June 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Sinclair, H. Colleen (August 21, 2007). "Searching for the Psychology in The Handbook of Women, Psychology and the Law: The Handbook of Women, Psychology and the Law Edited by Andrea Barnes, San Francisco, California, Jossey-Bass, 2005. 448 pp. $60.00 (Hardcover) ISBN: 0787970603". Sex Roles. 57 (5–6): 467–469. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9260-y. ISSN 0360-0025. S2CID 141996512.
  9. ^ Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co., 824 F. Supp. 847 (D. Minn. 1993).
  10. ^ a b Selmi, Michael (2005). "Sex Discrimination in the Nineties, Seventies Style: Case Studies in the Preservation of Male Workplace Norms". Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved May 7, 2023.

Notes

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