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Operation Chengiz Khan

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Operation Chengiz Khan
Part of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
[[file:
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Map of India showing Locations of preemptive airstrikes and the subsequent proposed, but never executed, land offensive under Operation Chengiz Khan
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Date3–17 December 1971
Location
Airstrikes: 11 Forward airfields in India[1]
Land offensive: Punjab, India[2]
Result

3 December:

45 minutes later Pakistan enters Jammu. objectives[5] 16-17 December:

  • Land offensive delayed and subsequently not launched, ceasefire comes into effect hours later.
Belligerents

India India

Pakistan Pakistan

Commanders and leaders
Pratap Chandra Lal Abdur Rahim Khan
Strength

Airstrikes: Anti-aircraft guns
SAM missiles
Air defence system on ground

Land offensive:[2]

  • XI Corps

Airstrikes: 36 aircraft in first two waves
15 aircraft in a third wave

Land offensive:[2]

  • II Corps (at approx. 2/3 strength)
  • Elements of IV Corps
Casualties and losses
  • Runways at Amritsar Cratered[6]
    • Radar station at Amritsar destroyed
    • Sirsa runway heavily damaged[7]
    • Utterlai runway rendered inoperable for six days[7]
    • Minor damage to most other airfields
    		 No confirmed casualties, 4 aircraft reportedly shot down in response.[6]

    Operation Chengiz Khan was the codename assigned to planned Pakistani air and land offensives into India during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. The plans for the operation were approved in September 1971.[8][9]

    The operation began with Pakistan Air Force (PAF) airstrikes on the forward airbases and radar installations of the Indian Air Force (IAF) meant to at least temporarily neutralise the IAF in the West. The strikes marked the formal initiation of hostilities of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The airstrikes targeted 11 of India's airfields and also included artillery strikes on Indian positions in Kashmir. The targets were the Indian Airbases of Amritsar, Ambala, Agra, Awantipur, Bikaner, Halwara, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Pathankot, Bhuj, Srinagar and Uttarlai and air defence radars at Amritsar and Faridkot. Notwithstanding the multiplicity of targets, the Pakistani air strikes did not inflict the scale of damage envisioned by Pakistani planners, inflicting minor damage to most airfields instead of neutralising the Indian Air Force entirely.[6][10]

    Under operation Chengiz Khan, the Pakistan Army's II Corps was to launch a grand counteroffensive into Indian Punjab.[8][9] However, on 16 December, new instructions arrived from Army headquarters “freezing all movements” until further notice. The following day, a ceasefire came into effect.

    Pakistan's refusal to launch the II Corps offensive has been a topic of great controversy among commentators reflecting on Pakistan's conduct of the war in the west.[8]

    Background

    Main article: Bangladesh Liberation War

    In March 1971, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) declared independence from Pakistan, starting the Bangladesh Liberation War following rising political discontent and cultural nationalism among the people of East Pakistan and the brutal suppressive force from West Pakistan in response (see Operation Searchlight and 1971 Bangladesh atrocities).[11][12]

    Pakistan came under increasing criticism[13] from India, the Soviet Union, Japan, and Europe as the plight of the refugees and their impact on the Indian economy were highlighted by Indira Gandhi in the UN and on a number of global tours.[14] However, the United States and China showed little interest in the situation and actively opposed aid, intervention or support to the Mukti Bahini[15][16] (possibly fearing advancement of Soviet influence deep into South Asia[13]). India's aid to the Mukti Bahini continued unabated, and fighting between the Mukti Bahini and the Pakistani forces grew increasingly vicious. On 9 August 1971, India signed a twenty-year cooperation treaty with the Soviet Union[17] in which each promised military support to the other in the event it was attacked. This provided India cover against any possible Chinese or American intervention in aid of Pakistan if it went to war with India. To the Pakistani leadership, it became clear that armed Indian intervention and secession of East Pakistan was becoming inevitable.[18]

    The strategy of pre-emption

    By October 1971, the Mukti Bahini had started launching massive raids deep into East Pakistan with "alleged" active support of the Indian Army troops.[19] The situation had deteriorated to a state of active undeclared war in the East by the end of November, when Indian and Mukti Bahini forces launched offensives on both the eastern and western borders of East Pakistan. Regular Indian Army troops engaged and mauled Pakistani armour at Garibpur,[20] during which the two intruding Pakistan Air Force jets were shot down and another badly damaged in the Battle of Boyra while offensive manoeuvres were launched in Atgram against Pakistani border posts and communications centres along the eastern border. The Mukti Bahini also launched an offensive on Jessore at this time.[21] It was clear to Islamabad by this time that open conflict was inevitable, and that East Pakistan was indefensible in the long run.[22] Yahya Khan chose at this point to try to protect Pakistan's integrity and to hold India by Ayub Khan's strategy – "The defence of East Pakistan lies in the West".[23]

    This policy made the assumptions that an open conflict with India would not last long due to international pressure, and since East Pakistan was undefendable, the war-effort should be concentrated on occupying as large an area of Indian territory as possible as a bargaining tool at the negotiating table. To this end, General Tikka Khan had proposed an offensive into India, and the PAF's overriding priority was to give maximum support to this offensive.[citation needed] The initial plans for the offensive called for at least a temporary cover of air dominance by the PAF under which Khan's troops could conduct a lightning campaign deep into Western India before digging in and consolidating their positions. In order to achieve air dominance, Pakistan decided to launch an offensive counter air strike codenamed Operation Chengiz Khan on Indian airbases.

    A second objective for the PAF was to conduct air interdiction against the supply routes for the Indian troops opposing Khan's proposed offensive, but these were accorded as secondary targets to be engaged after the operation started.[citation needed]

    The PAF's strikes were based on the same strategy of pre-emptive neutralization of enemy air capability used by the Israeli Air Force against Egyptian and Arab air forces in Operation Focus during the Six-Day War of 1967.[3][24]

    The decision to hit India with a pre-emptive air strike was taken on 30 November 1971 during a meeting among the Pakistani President, General Yahya Khan, Chief of Army Staff General Abdul Hamid Khan, and the Chief of General Staff Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan.

    The objectives of the strike were:[citation needed]

    • To surprise the IAF by attacking its forward airfields when it was least expected.
    • To neutralize these in order to obtain at least temporary battlefield air superiority in the West.
    • To counter-balance the Indian numerical advantage by hitting the forward operating bases of the Indian Air Force as a measure reducing the weight of expected counterattacks on PAF's own bases.

    To achieve surprise, the decision was made to strike on a Friday, the day of the jumu'ah (Muslim Sabbath), at 17:45 hrs when shifts in IAF control centers were changing. Emulating its operations' experience in battle against the Indian Air Force during the Indo-Pakistani Conflict of 1965, the decision was made to hit the Indian bases in a two-wave dusk strike followed by a number of night-interdiction missions through the night.[3] The plans for the strike also anticipated the Indians securing their aircraft in blast pens.[citation needed] Also, anticipating difficulty in target acquisition for camouflaged targets such as fuel tanks, ammunition dumps and command centers, the primary objectives set for the operation were the runways and air defense radars.[citation needed]

    The first strikes

    The final orders for the strike were issued at 17:30 hrs on Friday 3 December 1971. The first formations were in flight and heading for their targets by 17:40 hrs. Officially, it was announced via government channels that the airstrikes were launched in response to attacks along the western border on Pakistan Rangers' outposts by regular troops of the Indian army, which the Indian Air Force was providing support to.[14] The Indians would later deny any engagement on the Western Front.[14] However, the Indian air defence radars failed to detect the approaching formations. The first indications for the Indians of the impending assault was the roar of the strike aircraft over their airfields,[3] while in Delhi, the air-raid sirens were the first indications for newsmen, gathered for the daily brief of the East-Pakistan situation, that something was going on.[14]

    The first of the strikes were mounted against Pathankot Airbase. Led by a flight of two Mirage IIIs (a reconnaissance craft and a strike escort)[3] a six-plane wing of F-86F Sabres flying from Murid and led by Wing Commander S N Jilani hit the airbase with unguided rockets and dropped several 125 kg bombs. The main target of this strike was the runway, which was damaged and took the Indian ground crew several hours to repair. These missions went unopposed since the IAF had not scrambled any interception, and faced only anti-aircraft fire. Pathankot was covered by interceptors from Adampur following this first strike during the time it took the ground crew to repair its runway.[7]

    At 17:45 hrs, four Mirages flying from Sargodha and led by Wing Commander Hakimullah attacked Amritsar Airbase.[citation needed] Hakimullah's flight was armed with two 500 kg bombs each, which the strike used efficiently hitting the first 300m of the runway and cratering it enough to leave it nonoperational for several hours.[25][26] However, the Amritsar runway was repaired within the same night to receive detachments of Mig 21s and Su-7 that flew against Rafiqui airbase the next morning. A second strike of two F-104 Starfighters, led by Wing Commander Amjad H Khan hit the P-35 radar station at Amritsar, rendering it inoperable for nearly an hour. Two Sukhois then took off from the one remaining serviceable lane of the runway, moments before it was bombed by a passing B-57 Canberra.[7]

    Within forty-five minutes of these strikes, Pakistani troops had shelled India's western frontier and were reported to have crossed the border at Punch in the state of Jammu.[14]

    Followup counter-air strikes

    The third wave of the PAF counter air strikes were directed to strike Ambala, Agra and Halwara around 18:00 hrs and continued in single or two-plane formations through the evening until at least 22:30 hrs. These strikes involved fifteen B-57 Canberras, four T-33s, and one C-130. The B-57s flew seven single-plane sorties. These caused significant damage, especially in Uttarlai, and Halwara and impeded IAF's preparation for retaliation.

    Ambala Airbase was a hit by a two plane B-57 formation led by Wg. Cdr. Rais Rafi. The flight hit the runway with eight bombs, causing minor damage.

    Like Ambala, Agra Airbase, which lay deepest among the PAF's targets that evening, was struck by a two-plane B-57 formation led by Wg. Cdr. Yunus and followed by Flight Lieutenant Mazhar Bukhari. The bombs dropped by Yunus did not explode. Rais Rafi explained the old age of the bombs as the reason for their ineffectiveness as these were supposed to be used in the Second World War.[27] The first Indian counter strikes launched that very night included the Canberras of No.5 Sqn[28] based at Agra.

    Sirsa was hit by Sqn. Ldr. Alvi with bombs equipped with time-delayed fuses, damaging the runway heavily and forcing the runway to be closed for the rest of the night.[25]

    Four T-33s from A-Flight No.2 Squadron, led by Sqn. Ldr. Qureshi, hit Uttarlai, causing damage to the runway. These were launched at the same time as the second strike over Srinagar. Uttarlai was attacked a second time later that night by Wg. Cdr. Akhtar. The net damage to the runway was significant enough to keep the runway closed for six days and for the taxiway to be used instead.[7]

    In the south, Sqn. Ldr. Ishtak Qureshi's bombs hit the underground power cable at Jaisalmer, cutting off the power supply and telephone connection for six hours. At the same time, Jodhpur was hit by two B-57s led by Sqn. Ldr. Sohail Mansur while Jamnagar was hit by Flt. Lt. Ejaz Azam.[7]

    Aftermath of the airstrikes

    See also: East Pakistan Air Operations

    Following Pakistan's preemptive air raids, the Indian government declared a state of emergency.[29] In an address to her nation on radio, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi stated the Pakistani war against Bangladesh had become one against their homeland, and India must be prepared for a period of "hardship and sacrifice".[29] Statements released by both nations the next day confirmed the "existence of a state of war between the two countries," although neither government formally issued a declaration of war.

    As Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi addressed the nation on radio shortly after midnight[29] about the Pakistani attack, the Indian Air Force began retaliating.

    The IAF's fleet of Canberra bombers had been fully loaded with bombs and made ready for their deep forays over Pakistan. The IAF executed a total of 23 combat sorties, sending Canberras from No.35 Squadron (based in Pune), No.106 Squadron, as well as No.5 and No.16 Squadron to attack Murid, Mianwali, Sargodha, Chander, Risalewala, Shorkot/Rafiqui, and Masroor.[3]

    The outcomes of these strikes are mostly unknown, except that runways at Sargodha and Masroor were cratered, forcing PAF units stationed there to operate from taxiways for the next two days.[3]

    Despite most of the IAF bombers ingressing at a very low level, several Canberras were intercepted by PAF Mirages and some Indian bombers had to take evasive action. Most of these engagements occurred near the Indo-Pakistani border, as the Canberras were climbing during egress. While most of the bombers made it out unscathed, one Canberra B(I).Mk.58 from JBCU IAF, flown by Flt.Lt. M. Sasoon and R.M. Advani, was shot down by Sqn.Ldr. N. Atta using a Matra R.530 air-to-air missile at a higher level.[3]

    On the Eastern front (in present-day Bangladesh), the Indian Air Force also struck the main East Pakistani airfields of Tejgaon, and later Kurmitola. At the same time, the Indian Air Force was deploying additional aircraft to its forward airfields for the strikes that were to follow the next morning. Within days, India was able to achieve air superiority over the eastern front.[30][18]

    The II Corps offensive into Punjab

    Under Chengiz Khan, Pakistan's II Corps offensive plan involved driving east from the vicinity of Bahawalnagar to cross the international border and push towards Bhatinda and Ludhiana in India's "Foxtrot Sector" or "F Sector."[8]

    While describing the situation in the "F sector" of India, John H. Gill writes:

    With poor dispositions and inept leadership, India's 67 Brigade lost a significant parcel of land to Pakistan's 105 Brigade despite repeated and costly counterattacks. Fortunately for India, indecision on the part of Pakistan's high command kept its potentially powerful II Corps from executing a planned offensive against India's “Foxtrot Sector” (or simply “F Sector”).

    The II Corps offensive plan called for 105 Brigade and 25 Brigade to come under II Corps, while IV Corps advanced from its positions along the Ravi.[8]

    The PAF had also positioned mobile radar and pre-stocked forward airfields in the proposed battle area to support the planned attack.[9]

    Army headquarters ordered II Corps to shift to its forward assembly areas on 14 December and major elements of 1 Armored Division began to move the following day, while the 7 Division was also concentrating south of the Sutlej. However, by now, a major part of II Corps, 33 Division, had been broken up to reinforce Pakistani units against Indian offensives elsewhere.[31]

    Thus, the II Corps offensive was deprived of approximately one third of its striking power before it had even begun.

    On 16 December, Army headquarters issued new orders “freezing all movements” until further notice. Trains carrying equipment of 1 Division were unloaded, and II Corps, with its units on both sides of the Sutlej, settled in to await orders. If the operation had proceeded as planned, the corps would likely have launched their attack in the early morning of December 17. However, due to the "freeze" order, they remained on the Pakistan side of the border and were unable to cross before the cease-fire came into effect at 2000 hours on the same day.[32]

    Pakistan's failure to launch the offensive in a timely manner has generated great controversy among subsequent commentators.[8]

    Analysis

    The PAF aircraft dropped a total of 183 bombs, with 120 reportedly hitting 12 runways.[3] However, this was a minor effort, carried out on a narrow front and without depth, and was not a sustained offensive until the entire enemy strike force was eliminated. As a result, the achievements were minimal.[3]

    Thus, of its stated objectives, the PAF was unable to neutralize the Indian Air Force in the west,[14] which on its part had dispersed its aircraft in hardened aircraft shelters, suffering only minor damage to a few aircraft.[33]

    As Newsweek magazine (1971) described the airstrikes:

    Trying to catch the Indian Air Force napping, Yahya Khan, launched a Pakistani version of Israel's 1967 air blitz in hopes that one rapid attack would cripple India's far superior air power. But India was alert, Pakistani pilots were inept, and Yahya's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields was a bust![34]

    Most sources attribute Pakistan's failure to launch the II Corps offensive to confusion and indecisiveness within the Pakistani High Command.[8][31]

    Notes

    1. ^ Although hostilities between the two nations' armed forces had broken out the month before, these strikes provided India with political justification to officially declare it was in a state of all out war with Pakistan and escalate its military offensives into East Pakistan.[3]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ Hiro, Dilip (2012). Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia. Yale University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0300173789.
    2. ^ a b c Gill, John H. (2003). An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh. National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies.
    3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tom Cooper, with Syed Shaiz Ali. "India – Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, part I". Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
    4. ^ Riedel, Bruce O. (2012). Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad. BrookingsInstitution. p. 10. ISBN 978-0815722748.
    5. ^ Ganguly, Sumit (April 2002). Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947. Columbia University Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780231507400.
    6. ^ a b c Nordeen, Lon O. (1985). Air warfare in the missile age. Internet Archive. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-87474-680-8.
    7. ^ a b c d e f "My years with the IAF" by Air Chief Marshal P C Lal
    8. ^ a b c d e f g Gill, John H. (2003). An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh. National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies.
    9. ^ a b c Shah, Mansoor (2002). The gold bird: Pakistan and its Air Force--observations of a pilot. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579772-5.
    10. ^ Batabyal, Guru Saday. (20 December 2020). Politico-Military Strategy of the Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN 9781000317664.
    11. ^ "Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971". Gendercide watch. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
    12. ^ Blood, Peter R. (1989). "Historical Setting". In Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (eds.). Bangladesh: a country study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 29–30. OCLC 49223313. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
    13. ^ a b Donaldson 1972
    14. ^ a b c d e f "India and Pakistan: Over the Edge". TIMES magazine. 1971-12-13. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
    15. ^ Sheren, Syeda Momtaz (2012). "War of Liberation, The". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
    16. ^ Remarks of President Richard M Nixon on 10 April 1971 at State Department signing of Biological Weapons Convention.

      Every Great Power must follow the principle that it should not directly or indirectly allow any other nation to use force or armed aggression against one of its neighbors.

      .

      USIS Text, pp 1–2.

    17. ^ Kapur 1972
    18. ^ a b "Bangladesh: Out of War, a Nation Is Born". Time. Vol. 98, no. 25. 1971-12-20. Archived from the original on January 12, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
    19. ^ Ahmed, Helal Uddin (2012). "Mukti Bahini". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
    20. ^ Col. Anil Shorey. "The Unique Battle of Garibpur. Sainik Samachar Vol.49, No.8, 16–30 April 2002". Sainik Samachar, Indian Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
    21. ^ "Pakistan: Yahya Khan and Bangladesh". Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
    22. ^ Kyly R G. "The India-Pakistan War Of 1971: A Modern War". Global security. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
    23. ^ Faruqui 2001
    24. ^ "The War of December 1971". Indian Air Force. Archived from the original on 2009-04-10. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
    25. ^ a b Lal 1986
    26. ^ Lon O. Nordeen (1985). Air Warfare in the Missile Age. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0853687511.
    27. ^ Rais Ahmed Rafi. PAF Bomber Operations 1965 and 1971 Wars. PAF Book Club. pp. 105–106.
    28. ^ "Indian Air Force. Squadron 5, Tuskers". Global Security. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
    29. ^ a b c "Pakistan intensifies air raids on India". BBC. 1971-12-03. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
    30. ^ Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
    31. ^ a b Khan, Jahan Dad (1999). Pakistan leadership challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577990-5.
    32. ^ Candeth, K. P. (1997). The Western front : Indo-Pakistan war, 1971. Dehra Dun, India: English Book Depot. ISBN 81-85567-35-2. OCLC 45399558.
    33. ^ Pradeep P. Barua (2005). The State at War in South Asia. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 222–223. ISBN 0-8032-1344-1.
    34. ^ Singh, Mandeep (2020). Anti-Aircraft Artillery in Combat, 1950–1972: Air Defence in the Jet Age. Air World. p. 208.

    Further reading

    • Donaldson, Robert H. (June 1972), "India: The Soviet Stake in Stability", Asian Survey, 12 (6), University of California Press: 475–492, doi:10.2307/2643045, ISSN 0004-4687, JSTOR 2643045.
    • Kapur, Ashok (June 1972), "Indo-Soviet Treaty and the Emerging Asian Balance", Asian Survey, 12 (6), University of California Press: 463–474, doi:10.2307/2643044, ISSN 0004-4687, JSTOR 2643044.
    • Lal, Pratap Chandra (1986), My Years with the IAF, Casemate Pub & Book Dist Llc, ISBN 8170620082.
    • Faruqui, A (2001), "Failure in Command: Lessons from Pakistan's Indian Wars, 1947–1999. Defense and Security Analysis, Volume 17, Number 1, 1 April 2001, pp. 31–40(10)", Defense & Security Analysis, Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group, ISSN 1475-1798.

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