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Pakistani diaspora

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Overseas Pakistanis
بیرون ملک پاکستانی نژاد
Flag of Pakistan
Total population
c. 9,956,000 (2022 estimate)[a]
Regions with significant populations
 Saudi Arabia2,714,684 (2019-2020 estimate)[1]
 United Arab Emirates1,600,000 (2019-2020 estimate)[1]
 United Kingdom1,174,983 (2011 official UK census)[2][b]
 India918,982 (2011 census)[3]
 United States629,946 (official 2021 census)[4]
 Kuwait339,033 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Canada303,260 (2021 official census)[6]
 Oman250,092 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Qatar235,505 (2020 estimate)[5][7]
 Germany140,000 (2022 official)[8]
 Italy134,492 (2021 official)[9]
 Bahrain117,000 (2019-2020 estimate)[1]
 Afghanistan102,500 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Spain101,941 (2021 official)[10]
 Australia89,633 (2021 official census)[11]
 Malaysia85,013 (2020 estimate)[5][12]
 Norway46,300 (2023 official)[13]
 Greece34,177 (2011 official census)[14]
 France29,387 (2019 official)[15]
 Sweden27,292 (2022 official)[16]
 Netherlands27,261 (2022 official)[17]
 Denmark26,714 (2023 official estimate)[18]
 Japan22,118 (2022 official)[19]
Languages
English, Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Balochi, Hindko, other languages of Pakistan and languages spoken in respective country of residence.
Religion
Predominantly Islam minorities of Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.

Overseas Pakistanis (Template:Lang-ur), or the Pakistani diaspora, refers to Pakistanis who live outside of Pakistan. These include citizens that have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Pakistani descent. According to the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development, approximately 8.8 million Pakistanis live abroad according to December 2017 estimates. According to Ministry of Emigration and Overseas Employment, data released in 2023, states that more than 10.80 Million people moved abroad in last 3 decades years since 1990. beoe.gov.pk

The vast majority, over 4.7 million, residing in the Middle East.[20][21] The second-largest community, at around 1.2 million, live in the United Kingdom; followed in third place by the United States (especially New York City, Chicago, and New Jersey). According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the 6th largest diaspora in the world.[22] In 2021, overseas Pakistanis sent record remittances with growth at 26 percent and levels reaching US$33 billion in 2021.[23]

Terminology

The term Overseas Pakistani is officially recognised by the Government of Pakistan. The term refers to Pakistani citizens who have not resided in Pakistan for a specified period (for the purpose of income tax) and people born abroad who are of Pakistani descent.

National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis

Main article: NADRA

The National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis, or NICOP, is a Computerised National Identity Card issued to workers, emigrants, citizens, or Pakistanis holding dual nationality. NICOP was conceived by NADRA in 2002 as a project of mutual resolve between the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation, the Ministry of Labour & Manpower, and the Ministry of Interior. All NICOP holders are registered into the NADRA database to provide authenticity of the individual and visa-free entry into Pakistan. Proof of family relationships is necessary for various legal and administrative purposes involving NICOP.[24]

Pakistan Origin Card

The Pakistan Origin Card, or POC, is issued by Pakistani embassies/high commissions to people of Pakistani origin living abroad.[25] POC are not issued to those with dual nationalities.[26]

Emigration from Pakistan

Emigration from the territories that now constitute Pakistan began as early as 3000 BC.

Prehistoric

The presence of Harappan merchants in Mesopotamia from the Indus Valley civilisation is suggested by various forms of glyptic evidence. A recently discovered Mesopotamian cylinder seal inscription reveals that an interpreter from "Meluhha" (Harappa) was present. Several Indus scripted seals have also been discovered in excavations.[27]

Middle Ages

During the 10th century, Arabic chronicles mention tribes coming in contact with Baloch settlers.[28] The majority of Baloch settlers originated from the Makran coast and settled in what is today Oman to form part of the Bedoon community.[29] Many of them worked in various trades including barbers, fan operators, and shopkeepers. Some were even drafted as soldiers for the army of the Iman of Oman.[30] A small population of Muslim clergy from Punjab, Kashmir, and Sindh settled in Mecca by the 14th century in order to aid travelers from the region making the journey for Hajj and to also aid in the expansion of Islam throughout the Indus Valley and its tributaries. Bankers and merchants from southern Punjab (Multan) and northern Sindh (Shikarpur) were present in Safavid Persia during the 15th century where they lived along with Jews and Armenians.[31][32] Pashtun traders arrived by boat in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, as early as the 15th century.[33][34] The Mukkuvar locals established an alliance with the Pashtun traders, enlisting their help to fend off incursions from rivals in the north. The traders were rewarded through marriages, and settled in Eravur.[33] Their settlement may have been deliberate, so as to form a buffer against future invasions from the north.[34] When Arab and Persian merchants expanded maritime trade routes in the 16th century, Sindh became fully integrated into the inter-Asian trade network. This led to increased trade and navigational interactions between Sindhi merchants and Arab/Persian merchants. Sindh also entertained independent commercial relations with East Asia and Southeast Asia, in particular with the Kedah Sultanate on the Malay Peninsula.[35]

Colonial era (1842–1947)

After the fall of Sindh in 1842 and Punjab in 1849, a large part of the territory of today's Pakistan came under rule of the British Empire. From 1842 to 1857, a small number of immigrants from Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir began arriving in the British Isles as employees of the British East India Company, typically as lashkars and sailors in British port cities.[36][37][38] After the establishment of the British Empire in 1857, Baloch and Pashtuns along with Punjabis, Sindhis, and Kashmiris continued coming to Britain as seamen, traders, students, domestic workers, cricketers, political officials, and visitors. A small number of them settled in the region.[39] Many influential members of the Pakistan Movement would spend a considerable amount of time in Britain and Europe who studied at major British institutions, including Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[40] Between 1860 and 1930, camel caravans worked in Outback Australia which included Pashtun, Punjabi, Baloch, and Sindhi men[41] as well as others from Kashmir.[42] By 1900, Punjabis and Pashtuns began migrating to other parts of the British Empire. Many were veterans of the British Army, but included a small migrant population who were legally considered British subjects. Pashtun migrants opted for the British Trucial States, where the British used their subjects as a valuable human resource in running the administration.[43] British Columbia became a destination for many Punjabi migrants as agents of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Hudson's Bay Company were guaranteeing jobs for them between 1902 and 1905. However, many Punjabi migrants returned due to racism and curtailing migration of non-whites by the Canadian government.[44] Others sought opportunities by moving to the United States, particularly Yuba City, California. Poor wages and working conditions convinced Punjabi workers to pool their resources, lease land, and grow their own crops, thereby establishing themselves in the newly budding farming economy of northern California.[45]

Many people from modern Pakistan migrated and settled in Malaysia, which was also part of the British Empire. The Malays and Pakistanis share a strong Muslim identity. At the time of Malaysia's independence under the Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, there were more than two-hundred thousand Pakistanis residing in Malaysia. Rather than forming a separate group under the categorized system, at the suggestion of Malays themselves, Pakistanis immersed themselves into the Malay group, thus they became part of the Bumiputra elite, enriched by social ties, intermarriage, and shared economic and political aspirations. They also took positions in the civil service administration and gradually rose to the upper echelons of government, by then inextricably intermixed with the Malay majority.[46] Many elite Malay families have at least one grandparent that was Pakistani. Diplomats, judges, legislators, and other government cadres include people with recognized Pakistani-Malay bloodlines.

Post independence

1947 to 1970

Emigration from Pakistan was relatively small between 1947 and 1970. The rapid industrialization process of Pakistan during the 1950s and 1960s, coupled with the introduction of modern agricultural practices, pushed out surplus labor leading to mass rural to urban migration, primarily to Karachi.[47] During this time period, the majority of Pakistanis who went abroad considered themselves to be "sojourners", who left to earn money abroad but not to settle, or were students who intended to return to Pakistan when their degree programs were completed. By 1971, no more than 900,000 Pakistanis lived abroad with the majority residing in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia. In 1959, small numbers of Pakistanis were found to be working in Bahrain, Kuwait, and elsewhere in the Persian Gulf. By 1960, the Pakistani community in Bahrain numbered 2200 while almost half of the population in Kuwait comprised non-nationals, and of them a small number came from Pakistan. Pakistan was already the single most important source of non-Arab expatriate labor in the Kuwait Oil Company (representing about 19% of the workforce) and trailed only Americans among those working for Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia, who represented 6% of the workforce.[48]

The first mass migration of Pakistanis began in 1965 during the construction of Mangla Dam in Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Over 280 villages around Mirpur and Dadyal were submerged, which led to the displacement of over 110,000 people from the region. Pakistanis also emigrated from these areas and the regions of Attock and Nowshera due to high levels of unemployment in the regions and harsh terrain that made farming difficult.[49] During the same period, the British government were actively seeking people from abroad to work in industrial towns in north-west England who were suffering from worker shortages. The industrial towns in England that many of the Pakistani emigrants ended up relocating to for work were the towns of Rochdale, Newcastle, Bristol, High Wycombe, Birmingham, Dewsbury, Huddersfield, and Bradford.[49] Thus many worker permits for Britain were awarded to the displaced population of Mirpur who were eligible for work.[50] Close to 50,000 Pakistanis from Mirpur emigrated to Northern England between 1965 and 1970.[51][52] The Pakistanis who decided to emigrate to Britain in this time period were aided by the 1948 British Nationality Act which allowed for people from British commonwealth countries, such as Pakistan, and travel and settle in Britain as they were considered British citizens.[49]

1971 to present

The availability of a large-scale labor force from Pakistan resulted from a combination of economic, social, and institutional factors at home. By 1970, Pakistan was passing through a serious economic and political crisis which eventually led to the secession of East Pakistan in 1971. The rapid economic development of the 1950s and 1960s could not be sustained by 1970 and a wave of nationalization of business and industry was unfolding under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This led to slower large-scale industrialization due to a new wave of industrial unrest and disaffection between industrialists and Bhutto's government which favored nationalization of banking, large-scale trading, and industry. Rural to urban migration into Karachi slowed down during the 1970s and 80s and was substituted by a rising wave of international migration to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, or Libya. The profile of the work force and their places of origin simply followed the established patterns of internal migration routes. These included people from NWFP, northern Punjab (Potohar Plateau), the "Seraiki belt" in southern Punjab, and the hill-tracts of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Institutionally, a network of information chains to seek work, and the channels for remitting money to families back in Pakistan, had already existed. The majority of migrants were young males who would seek work abroad while families would remain back in Pakistan. These channels soon expanded and adapted themselves to new requirements and conditions.[53] During the 1960s and 1970s, the remaining Pakistani Jewish community of 2000 began emigrating to Israel and settled in Ramla.[54]

Today, over 7.6 million Pakistanis live abroad, with an estimated 4 million Pakistanis in the Persian Gulf region. The expatriate labor force in the Persian Gulf has, however, followed what might be called a "circulating work force" pattern. Workers come in, work for a few years during which they periodically visit Pakistan for short or long breaks, and finally return permanently. Overseas Pakistanis are the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan after exports and over the last several years, foreign exchange remittances have maintained a steady rising trend. Rs. 670 billion (US$2.3 billion) in 2007–08, Rs. 817 billion (US$2.8 billion) in 2008–09, and Rs. 985 billion (US$3.4 billion) in 2009–10.[55] By 2012–13, remittances stood at Rs. 1362 billion (US$4.7 billion).[56][55] In 2014–15, overseas Pakistanis sent remittances amounting to Rs. 1928 billion (US$6.7 billion).[57][56][55][58] Since 2004, the Government of Pakistan has recognized the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to the national economy. Its largest effort is facilitating returning overseas Pakistanis with aims at providing better services through improved facilities at airports and setting up suitable schemes in housing, education, and health care.

Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development

Main article: Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development
Further information: Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment

The Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development is a ministry of the Government of Pakistan that oversees matters concerning Overseas Pakistanis and human resource development in Pakistan. Pir Syed Sadaruddin Shah Rashidi is the current minister.[59] The ministry was created in June 2013, from a merger of the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis[60][61] and the Ministry of Human Resource Development.[62] which was established in 2008. The Bureau of Emigration & Overseas Employment appoints Community Welfare Attachés around the world to establish and maintain close contacts with the foreign firms who are in need of manpower for their ventures in different countries, and to aid in the welfare of overseas Pakistanis. CWAs are currently located in:[63]

Overseas Pakistanis Foundation

The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF) was established July 1979, with its head office at Islamabad and regional offices in all provincial capitals as well as Mirpur, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir. The objective of the OPF is to advance the welfare of the Pakistanis working or settled abroad and their families in Pakistan by identifying their problems and contributing to their solutions. These include health care, financial aid, foreign exchange remittance, and education.[64] The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation operates more than 24 schools in and across Pakistan, offering preschool, primary, secondary, and preparation for local SSC and the international GCE education. Most of its students opt to take the GCE O and AS/A Levels organized by the CIE of UCLES. It also has established international projects in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. The head office of the OPF school is located in Islamabad, administering the system through six main regional offices:

Relations with Pakistan

Millions of Pakistanis emigrated to various countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Unlike European immigrants who settled permanently in the new world, many Pakistanis who emigrated considered themselves to be "sojourners", who left to earn money abroad but not to settle, or were students who intended to return to Pakistan when their degree programs were completed.

Little Pakistan

Main article: Little Pakistan
The New York City Metropolitan Area, including New York City, Central New Jersey, as well as Long Island in New York, is home to the largest Pakistani American population.

Little Pakistan is a general name for an ethnic enclave populated primarily by Pakistanis or people of Pakistani ancestry abroad.

Pakistan International School

Main article: Pakistan International School

Pakistan International Schools are schools based outside Pakistan which promote the national curriculum. These schools fall under the jurisdiction of the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and cater mainly to students who are not nationals of the host country such as the children of the staff of international businesses, international organizations, embassies, missions, or missionary programs.[65] For overseas Pakistani families, these schools allow continuity in education from Pakistan as most prefer to stay in the same curriculum, especially for older children.[66] Pakistan international schools typically use curricula based on the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and offer both Urdu language and English language classes.

From the Middle East

Main article: Arabs in Pakistan

Since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, there has been a large population of Pakistanis in the Middle East, mainly in Saudi Arabia. However, since the 1990s, many of them have opted for countries like the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. Pakistanis who immigrated to these countries or who were born in these countries tended to stay close to Pakistani culture. Many "International Pakistan Schools" were opened to cater to the large population and for them to study under the same boards as Pakistani students at home. As a result, those returning to Pakistan from the Middle East have found it much easier to adjust. Pakistanis from the Middle East can be found throughout the country today and these people are usually fluent in Urdu, English, and their regional language. They are most likely involved in trading, media, telecommunications, banking, and aviation.

From Europe

Main article: British people in Pakistan

Since the 1990s, a large number of Pakistanis who settled in Europe have been returning to Pakistan. Those who were born in Europe have also maintained close links to Pakistani culture. However, there are some instances of children not learning Urdu while growing up or being accustomed to Pakistani culture. As a result, those who return from Europe do experience "culture shocks". Those returning from Norway and Denmark are mostly settled around Kharian in the Punjab province, whereas those from northern England (Bradford) can be found in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (mainly Mirpur), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and upper Punjab (Jhelum, Chakwal, Attock, and Rawalpindi).

From America

Main articles: Americans in Pakistan and Canadians in Pakistan

Very small numbers of Pakistanis from Canada and the United States have historically returned to Pakistan. Although they frequently visit Pakistan during the summer and winter vacations, permanent settlement had not been popular amongst them until 2001. Since the September 11 terrorist attacks and the recent Financial crisis of 2007–2010, a large number of Pakistani-Americans and Pakistani-Canadians have begun to return. The population of returning expatriates from the Americas, who tend to have excellent credentials, has increased significantly due to new job opportunities in Pakistan.[67] Many from North America are found in the major cities of Pakistan, mainly, Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Faisalabad, and Peshawar. Large populations can also be found in smaller cities and towns, such as Sialkot. Those returning from North America have tended to find jobs easier in Pakistan and are involved in a wide scope of fields, primarily healthcare, engineering, law, banking, information technology, mass media, and industry.

Remittances

Remittances sent by year ($US billion)[68][57][56][55][58][69][70]
Year Remittance ($ billion)
2003
4.23
2004
3.87
2005
4.17
2006
4.61
2007
6.51
2008
7.81
2009
8.91
2010
9.32
2011
11.21
2012
13.19
2013
13.90
2014
15.80
2015
18.72
2016
19.92
2017
22.30
2018
19.9
2019
21.7
2020
23.1
2021
29.4
2022
31.2
2023
27

Population by country

A map showing the distribution and population of Pakistan diaspora by country.

Population of Pakistanis abroad, by country, according to the 2019-20 Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development Yearbook,[1] or other estimates (if indicated).

World region / Country Article Overseas Pakistani population
Eastward Asia ~1,108,600
 India Pakistanis in India 918,982 (2011 census)[3]
 Malaysia Pakistanis in Malaysia 85,013 (2020 estimate)[5][12]
 Japan Pakistanis in Japan 22,118 (2022 official)[19]
 Hong Kong Pakistanis in Hong Kong 18,178 (2021 census)[71]
 China Pakistanis in China 15,000
 South Korea Pakistanis in South Korea 13,990 (2019 official)[72]
 Bangladesh Pakistanis in Bangladesh 11,196 (2011 census)[73]
 Indonesia Pakistanis in Indonesia 8,645 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Thailand Pakistanis in Thailand 6,500
 Singapore Pakistanis in Singapore 4,562 (2012)[74]
 Myanmar Pakistanis in Burma 3,101 (2020 estimate)[5]
   Nepal Pakistanis in Nepal 1,212 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Sri Lanka Pakistanis in Sri Lanka 1,083 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Brunei Pakistanis in Brunei 893 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Vietnam Pakistanis in Vietnam 622 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Philippines Pakistanis in Philippines 451 (2020 census)[75]
 Maldives Pakistanis in Maldives 450
 Cambodia Pakistanis in Cambodia 350
 East Timor Pakistanis in East Timor 301 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Taiwan Pakistanis in Taiwan [c] 259 (2022 official)[77]
 North Korea Pakistanis in North Korea 172 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Laos Pakistanis in Laos 50
 Bhutan Pakistanis in Bhutan 21 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Mongolia Pakistanis in Mongolia 21 (2020 estimate)[5]
Middle (East) Crescent[d] ~5,430,900
 Saudi Arabia Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia 2,714,684
 United Arab Emirates Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates 1,600,000
 Kuwait Pakistanis in Kuwait 339,033 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Oman Pakistanis in Oman 250,092 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Qatar Pakistanis in Qatar 235,505 (2020 estimate)[5][7]
 Bahrain Pakistanis in Bahrain 117,000
 Afghanistan Pakistanis in Afghanistan 102,500 (2020 estimate)[5]
Turkey Turkye Pakistanis in Turkye 17,290 (2021 official)[79]
 Jordan Pakistanis in Jordan 16,500
 Iran Pakistanis in Iran 14,320 (2016 census)[80]
 Libya Pakistanis in Libya 6,000
 Cyprus Pakistanis in Cyprus 4,000
 Yemen Pakistanis in Yemen 3,024 (2017 estimate)[81]
 Algeria Pakistanis in Algeria 2,500
 Kyrgyzstan Pakistanis in Kyrgyzstan 2000
 Sudan Pakistanis in Sudan 2,000
 Lebanon Pakistanis in Lebanon 721 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Iraq Pakistanis in Iraq 688 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Egypt Pakistanis in Egypt 619 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Tunisia Pakistanis in Tunisia 500
 Syria Pakistanis in Syria 481
 Uzbekistan Pakistanis in Uzbekistan 357
 Kazakhstan Pakistanis in Kazakhstan 350
 Azerbaijan Pakistanis in Azerbaijan 274 (2022 official)[82]
 Morocco Pakistanis in Morocco 176 (2017 estimate)[81]
 Tajikistan Pakistanis in Tajikistan 103 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Georgia Pakistanis in Georgia 27[1]
86 (2002 census)[83]
 Mauritania Pakistanis in Mauritania 50
 Turkmenistan Pakistanis in Turkmenistan 14
Sub-Saharan Africa ~43,700
 South Africa Pakistanis in South Africa 11,157 (2016 official)[84][85]
 Kenya Pakistanis in Kenya 10,000
 Uganda Pakistanis in Uganda 5,000
 Mozambique Pakistanis in Mozambique 4,423 (2020 estimate)[86]
 Tanzania Pakistanis in Tanzania 3,050
 Nigeria Pakistanis in Nigeria 2,050
 Mali Pakistanis in Mali 1,500
 Zimbabwe Pakistanis in Zimbabwe 700
 Malawi Pakistanis in Malawi 515
 Burundi Pakistanis in Burundi 500
 Rwanda Pakistanis in Rwanda 500
 Liberia Pakistanis in Liberia 500
 Botswana Pakistanis in Botswana 464 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Lesotho Pakistanis in Lesotho 419 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Mauritius Pakistanis in Mauritius 378
 Zambia Pakistanis in Zambia 350
 Djibouti Pakistanis in Djibouti 300
 South Sudan Pakistanis in South Sudan 250
 Ethiopia Pakistanis in Ethiopia 240
 Namibia Pakistanis in Namibia 173 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Madagascar Pakistanis in Madagascar 138
 Senegal Pakistanis in Senegal 122
 Congo DR Pakistanis in Democratic Republic of the Congo 115
 Gambia Pakistanis in Gambia 109
 Eritrea Pakistanis in Eritrea 100
 Sierra Leone Pakistanis in Sierra Leone 86 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Ghana Pakistanis in Ghana 76 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Angola Pakistanis in Angola 75
 Somalia Pakistanis in Somalia 72 (2017 estimate)[81]
 Niger Pakistanis in Niger 68
 Ivory Coast Pakistanis in Ivory Coast 66
 Réunion (France) Pakistanis in Réunion 45 (2015 census)[83]
 Guinea Pakistanis in Guinea 29 (2014 census)[83]
 Seychelles Pakistanis in Seychelles 28
 Comoros Pakistanis in Comoros 14
 Guinea Bissau Pakistanis in Guinea Bissau 10
Latin America 4,200+
 Brazil Pakistanis in Brazil 2,348 (2022 official)[87]
 Chile Pakistanis in Chile 653 (2017 census)[88]
 Mexico Pakistanis in Mexico 331 (2020 census)[89]
 Ecuador Pakistanis in Ecuador 225
 Peru Pakistanis in Peru 153 (2017 official)[90]
 Panama Pakistanis in Panama 99 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Dominican Republic Pakistanis in Dominican Republic 75 (2010 census)[91]
 Uruguay Pakistanis in Uruguay 75
 Argentina Pakistanis in Argentina 64 (2010 census)[83]
 Bolivia Pakistanis in Bolivia 40
 Venezuela Pakistanis in Venezuela 40
 Colombia Pakistanis in Colombia 37 (2018 census)[92]
 Paraguay Pakistanis in Paraguay 30
 Guatemala Pakistanis in Guatemala 26 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Nicaragua Pakistanis in Nicaragua 14
 Puerto Rico (USA) Pakistanis in Puerto Rico 10 (2021 census)[93]
Northern America and the Caribbean 933,400+
 United States Pakistani American 629,946 (official 2021 census)[4]
 Canada Pakistani Canadian 303,260 (2021 official census)[6]
 Trinidad and Tobago Pakistanis in Trinidad and Tobago 88
 Bermuda (UK) Pakistanis in Bermuda 29 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Guyana Pakistanis in Guyana 25
 Suriname Pakistanis in Suriname 25
 Grenada Pakistanis in Grenada 21
 Cayman Islands (UK) Pakistanis in Cayman Islands 11 (2019 official)[94]
 Barbados Pakistanis in Barbados 10
Europe 2,275,100+
 United Kingdom British Pakistanis,
Pakistanis in London		 United Kingdom: 1,174,983 (2011 official UK census)[2][b]
England: 1,570,287 (2021 census)[95]
Scotland: 49,381 (2011 census)[2]
Wales: 17,535 (2021 census)[95]
Northern Ireland: 1,596 (2021 census)[96]
 Germany Pakistanis in Germany 140,000 (2022 official)[8]
 Italy Pakistanis in Italy 134,492 (2021 official)[9]
 Spain Pakistanis in Spain 101,941 (2021 official)[10]
 Norway Pakistanis in Norway 46,300 (2023 official)[13]
 Greece Pakistanis in Greece 34,177 (2011 official census)[14]
 France Pakistanis in France 29,387 (2019 official)[15]
 Sweden Pakistanis in Sweden 27,292 (2022 official)[16]
 Netherlands Pakistanis in the Netherlands 27,261 (2022 official)[17]
 Denmark Pakistanis in Denmark 26,714 (2023 official estimate)[18]
 Belgium Pakistanis in Belgium 19,247 (2012 official estimate)[97]
 Republic of Ireland Pakistanis in Ireland 12,891 (2016 official census)[98]
 Portugal Pakistanis in Portugal 10,828 (2022 official)[99]
 Austria Pakistanis in Austria 5,914 (2021 census)[100]
 Finland Pakistanis in Finland 4,726 (2022 official estimate)[101]
  Switzerland Pakistanis in Switzerland 3,217 (2020 official estimate)[102]
 Ukraine Pakistanis in Ukraine 2,000
 Russia Pakistanis in Russia 1,878 (2015 official)[103]
 Hungary Pakistanis in Hungary 1,719 (2022 official)[15]
 Poland Pakistanis in Poland 1,318
 Romania Pakistanis in Romania 1,032 (2020 estimate)[15]
 Czech Republic Pakistanis in Czech Republic 979 (2022 official)[104]
 Estonia Pakistanis in Estonia 555 (2021 census)[105]
 Malta Pakistanis in Malta 549 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Albania Pakistanis in Albania 491 (irregular foreigners) (2019 official)[106]
 Bulgaria Pakistanis in Bulgaria 456 (2022 official)[15]
 Luxembourg Pakistanis in Luxembourg 206 (2020 official)[107]
 Latvia Pakistanis in Latvia 144 (2023 official)[108]
 Iceland Pakistanis in Iceland 137 (2022 official)[109]
 Slovakia Pakistanis in Slovakia 130 (2020 official)[15]
 Belarus Pakistanis in Belarus 120
 Lithuania Pakistanis in Lithuania 51 (2021 census)[83]
 Slovenia Pakistanis in Slovenia 41 (2022 official)[110]
 Serbia Pakistanis in Serbia 28
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Pakistanis in Bosnia and Herzegovina 25
 Moldova Pakistanis in Moldova 16 (2021 official)[111]
 Croatia Pakistanis in Croatia 10
Oceania 97,660+
 Australia Pakistani Australian 89,633 (2021 official census)[11]
 New Zealand Pakistani New Zealander 6,135 (2018 census)[112]
 Fiji Pakistanis in Fiji 1,867 (2020 estimate)[5]
Total overseas Pakistani population ~9,956,000

See also

Diasporas of Pakistani ethnic groups

Other

Notes

  1. ^ calculated total for collected data of population by country, from different sources (censuses, migration data, etc.). See statistics by country.
  2. ^ a b This census figure may not include recent immigrants or people of partial Pakistani ancestry.
  3. ^ [76]
  4. ^ comprising Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa – this area resembles a crescent[78] straddling in the middle of Europe, Africa and Asia

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Year Book, 2019–20" (PDF). ophrd.gov.pk/. Islamabad: Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development. p. 61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  2. ^ a b c "2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics (ONS). 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Population classified by place of birth and sex. Census of India". censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  4. ^ a b Jessica S. Barnes and Claudette E. Bennett (October 2022). "ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS. American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B02018". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "International Migrant Stock 2020". un.org. United Nations, Population Division. 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
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Bibliography

  • Mehmood, Maryyum. 18 May 2021. Mapping Muslim Moral Provinces: Framing Feminized Piety of Pakistani Diaspora. Religions 12: 356; Volume 2 issue 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12050356 MDPI,
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