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Pallid bat

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Pallid bat
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Tribe: Antrozoini
Genus: Antrozous
H. Allen, 1862
Species:
A. pallidus
Binomial name
Antrozous pallidus
(LeConte, 1856)[2]
Pallid bat range

The pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) is a species of bat that ranges from western Canada to central Mexico. It is the sole species of its genus and is closely related to Van Gelder's bat (Bauerus dubiaquercus), which is sometimes included in Antrozous.[3] Although it has in the past been placed in its own subfamily (Antrozoinae) or even family (Antrozoidae), it is now considered part of the subfamily Vespertilioninae and the tribe Antrozoini.[4]

Description

Pallid bats have a head and body length of approximately 2.75 inches (6.2-7.9 cm), forearm length of approximately 2.1 inches (4.5–6 cm),[5] a tail of approximately 1.75 inches (3.9-4.9 cm), and a wingspan of 15-16 inches (38–40 cm).[6][7] They weigh 14-25 grams. These bats are large, with long forward pointing ears (over 2.5 cm). Fur is pale at the roots, brown on their back, with a light underside. Pallid bats have a blunt piglike snout.[6] The dental formula for pallid bats is 1.1.1.32.1.2.3 × 2 = 28.[5] The bacula of pallid bats are wedge or spade-shaped, generally with a short narrow base which widens and then tapers towards the tip. The bone also has a characteristic downward 'dip' around the midpoint, with a raised base and tip.[8]

Ecology

A colony of roosting A. pallidus at Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, southeastern Arizona

Pallid bats are typically found in arid or semi-arid habitats, often in mountainous or rocky areas near water. They are also found over open, sparsely vegetated grasslands. During the day time, pallid bats typically roost in cracks and crevices, which may include tile roofs, exfoliating bark of trees, or rocky outcrops. During the night, this species will often use a night roost that is closer to their foraging grounds than their day roost. A night roost is usually less protected than a day roost; open porches may be used as night roosts by this species. In the winter time, this species may dip into shallow bouts of torpor, often in buildings, caves, or cracks in rocks.[1]

Pallid bats are insectivores that feed on arthropods such as crickets, and are capable of consuming up to half their weight in insect every night. Pallid bats are gleaners, capturing prey from the ground and transporting it to their night roost for consumption. When foraging, pallid bats typically fly at low heights of 1–2 m off the ground.[6][1] Pallid bats most notably consume Arizona bark scorpions, which are the most venomous scorpions in North America: their stings can be fatal to humans. Pallid bats were found to have one or more missense mutations that substitute amino acids in their voltage-gated sodium channels, which may be responsible for their resistance to scorpion venom.[9] Although pallid bats are primarily insectivores, they exhibit some flexibility in their diet when seasonally feeding on Mexican columnar cacti (particularly cardón cactus) nectar in spring,[10] and even cactus fruit in summer.[11] Pallid bats are also more effective pollinators than some of the nectarivorous bats with whom they compete for cacti.[12]

Pallid bats are a unique bat species because they are heterothermic, meaning they can be either poikilothermic or homoeothermic depending on the time of year. They have the ability to control their body temperature and equilibrate it with the environment during winter hibernation and whenever they rest.[13]

Pallid bat size varies greatly depending on their habitat. Bats in areas of low primary productivity, such as the desert, tend to be smaller due to less availability of resources. The bats that reside in areas with more primary productivity, such as coastal regions tend to be on the larger side. Larger pallid bats also have craniums that allow them to eat larger, harder prey more easily.[14]

Behavior and natural history

Wingspan of the pallid bat

The mating season ranges from October to February, when the bats are in hibernation. Male bats store sperm in the spring and summer, a process driven by changes in melatonin as a response to decreasing daylight hours. Copulation occurs in autumn and females store the sperm until spring, when they emerge from hibernation and go through estrus.[15] The female bat gives birth to one or two pups during early June; they weigh about 3 to 3.5 g (0.11 to 0.12 oz) at birth and in four or five weeks are capable of making short flights. Pups are weaned after 40 to 45 days.[16] They do not attain adult size until about eight weeks of age, and do not become sexually mature until after around two years.

Like the majority of bat species, pallid bats are capable of using echolocation while foraging and traveling from their roost sites to foraging grounds. However, they may also opt to not echolocate while foraging, and instead use their large ears to locate insects on the ground.[17] As gleaners, they primarily rely on auditory cues produced by prey instead of echolocation to hunt. The rise of anthropogenic noise pollution, such as traffic, in their habitats is negatively impacting their foraging and can reduce efficiency by up to 3 times.[18]

Pallid bats have been identified in the fossil record from late Pleistocene deposits in the western United States and Cuba.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; de Grammont, P.C. (2017). "Antrozous pallidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T1790A22129152. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T1790A22129152.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Simmons, Nancy B. (1998). T.H. Kunz; P.A. Racey (eds.). "A reappraisal of interfamilial relationships of bats". Bat Biology and Conservation: 3–26.
  3. ^ Simmons, Nancy B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 498–499. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  4. ^ Roehrs, Z.P.; Lack, J.B.; Van Den Bussche, R.A. (2010). "Tribal phylogenetic relationships within Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (5): 1073–1092. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-A-325.1.
  5. ^ a b c Hermanson, John W.; O'Shea, Thomas J. (15 December 1983). "Antrozous pallidus". Mammalian Species (213): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503896. ISSN 0076-3519. JSTOR 3503896.
  6. ^ a b c Reid, Fionna (2006). Mammals of North America. Peterson Field Guides. pp. 423–424. ISBN 978-0395935965.
  7. ^ "Animal Fact Sheet: Pallid bat". Desert Museum.
  8. ^ Krutzsch, Philip H.; Vaughan, Terry A. (1955). "Additional Data on the Bacula of North American Bats". Journal of Mammalogy. 36 (1): 96–100. doi:10.2307/1375727. JSTOR 1375727.
  9. ^ Hopp, B. H.; Arvidson, R. S.; Adams, M. E.; Razak, K. A. (2017). "Arizona bark scorpion venom resistance in the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus". PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e0183215. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1283215H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183215. PMC 5576675. PMID 28854259.
  10. ^ Frick, Winifred F.; Heady, Paul A.; Hayes, John P. (15 October 2009). "Facultative Nectar-Feeding Behavior in a Gleaning Insectivorous Bat (Antrozous pallidus)". Journal of Mammalogy. 90 (5): 1157–1164. doi:10.1644/09-mamm-a-001.1. ISSN 0022-2372.
  11. ^ Aliperti, Jaclyn R.; Kelt, Douglas A.; Heady, Paul A.; Frick, Winifred F. (21 March 2017). "Using behavioral and stable isotope data to quantify rare dietary plasticity in a temperate bat". Journal of Mammalogy. 98 (2): 340–349. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw196. ISSN 0022-2372.
  12. ^ Frick, Winifred F.; Price, Ryan D.; Heady III, Paul A.; Kay, Kathleen M. (3 December 2012). "Insectivorous bat pollinates columnar cactus more effectively per visit than specialized nectar bat". The American Naturalist. 181 (1): 137–144. doi:10.1086/668595. PMID 23234851. S2CID 31277235.
  13. ^ "Antrozous pallidus pallid bat". Animal Diversity Web.
  14. ^ Kelly, Rochelle M.; Friedman, Rachel; Santana, Sharlene E. (1 June 2018). "Primary productivity explains size variation across the Pallid bat's western geographic range". Functional Ecology. 32 (6): 1520–1530. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13092. ISSN 1365-2435. S2CID 91099486.
  15. ^ Beasley, L. J.; Smale, L.; Smith, E. R. (March 1984). "Melatonin influences the reproductive physiology of male pallid bats". Biology of Reproduction. 30 (2): 300–305. doi:10.1095/biolreprod30.2.300. ISSN 0006-3363. PMID 6704467.
  16. ^ Bassett, John E. (31 May 1984). "Litter Size and Postnatal Growth Rate in the Pallid Bat, Antrozous pallidus". Journal of Mammalogy. 65 (2): 317–319. doi:10.2307/1381170. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1381170.
  17. ^ "California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System -- Pallid Bat".
  18. ^ Bunkley, Jessie Patrice; Barber, Jesse Rex (1 November 2015). "Noise Reduces Foraging Efficiency in Pallid Bats (Antrozous pallidus)". Ethology. 121 (11): 1116–1121. doi:10.1111/eth.12428. ISSN 1439-0310.
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