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Papua New Guinea Defence Force

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Papua New Guinea Defence Force
Papua New Guinea Defence Force emblem
Founded1973
Service branchesLand Element
Maritime Element
Air Element
HeadquartersMurray Barracks, Port Moresby
Websitewww.defence.gov.pg
Leadership
The Minister for DefenceWin Bakri Daki[1]
Commander of the PNGDFMajor General Mark Goina[2]
Personnel
Military age20[3]
Available for
military service		1,568,210 males, age 16–49 (2010 est.[5]),
1,478,965 females, age 16–49 (2010 est.[5])
Fit for
military service		1,130,951 males, age 16–49 (2010 est.[5]),
1,137,753 females, age 16–49 (2010 est.[5])
Reaching military
age annually		67,781 males (2010 est.[5]),
65,820 females (2010 est.[5])
Active personnel3,600[4]
Expenditure
Budget$US113.1 million (2014)[6]
Percent of GDP1.9 (2014)[6]
Industry
Foreign suppliersAustralia
France
India
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
Related articles
History
RanksRanks

The Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Papua New Guinea. It originated from the Australian Army land forces of the territory of Papua New Guinea before independence, coming into being in January 1973 and having its antecedents in the Pacific Islands Regiment. The PNGDF is a small force, numbering around 3,600 personnel, and consists of a Land Element, an Air Element and a Maritime Element. It is a joint force tasked with defending Papua New Guinea and its territories against external attack, as well as having secondary functions including national-building and internal security tasks.

Defence accounts for less than 2% of GDP, while also receiving significant assistance and training support from Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and other nations. The Defence White Paper 2013 has ambitious plans to increase the force to 5,000 personnel and double defence spending to 3% by 2017 and by 2030 have 10,000 personnel.[7]

The PNGDF Land Element includes two infantry battalions, an engineer battalion, a signal squadron, an Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) unit, and a preventive medicine platoon. The Air Element is a small air wing operating a light transport aircraft and two leased helicopters. The Maritime Element consists of four Pacific-class patrol boats and two Balikpapan-class landing craft. The army is under the direct command of Headquarters PNGDF, while the air wing and navy have their own commanding officers. The PNGDF does not have a Commander-in-Chief but rather a Commander who advises the Minister for Defence.[8][9] The PNGDF is under the control of the National Executive Council through the Minister for Defence.[9]

History

The PNGDF originated from the Australian Army land forces of the Territory of Papua New Guinea before independence, coming into being in January 1973 and having its antecedents in the Pacific Islands Regiment. At independence it numbered 3,750 all ranks, while another 465 Australian personnel augmented the force to assist in training and technical support.[10] In the mid-1990s, the PNG economy was in crisis with financial support provided by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on the proviso of economic reform with the first phase in 1996 to include defence. Successive attempts to reduce the size of the PNGDF in response to the country's economic problems provoked fierce resistance. In 2000, the World Bank and the IMF provided loans with economic reform conditions and a Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group (CEPG) report recommended to government that the PNGDF strength be reduced by more than half. In March 2001, soldiers mutinied after learning the government had approved the CEPG report.[11] The government capitulated after 10 days to the mutineers' demands, agreeing not to cut the army's strength. However, in 2002 it was announced that the PNGDF would be reduced from 4,000 to around 2,100 personnel. In early 2004 the government reaffirmed its commitment to implement cuts within the armed forces, with a definitive restructuring expected to take place. Chief of Staff Captain Aloysius Tom Ur told troops in January 2004 that the 2004 strength of 3,000 would be reduced by one-third, and that during 2004, the force's personnel branch would merge with the support branch into a new organisation.[12] Ultimately the reduction-in-size target was reached in 2009.[7]

PNGDF soldiers at Taurama Barracks

PNGDF capability is considered modest, with the army facing significant problems including a chronic budget crisis, a lack of experience in conventional operations, limited ability to be deployed independently overseas as well as internal tensions. The air force and navy also suffer major equipment and funding shortfalls—to the point of sometimes almost being grounded—and are both too small and poorly equipped to take part in operations overseas. Indeed, the entire PNGDF is badly in need of new equipment.[13] Australia, New Zealand, France and several other nations are assisting in the training and the professionalisation of the PNGDF, while others—including Germany and China—provide budgetary assistance. Australia's aid for the PNGDF is currently worth AUD9.2 million with an additional AUD40 million committed the reform programme. AUD20 million was committed initially, mainly for paying off redundant personnel. A second tranche of AUD20 million is for the refurbishment of barracks over five years (AUD5 million). As of January 2006 29 Australian defence personnel were engaged in training and advising in areas including policy, management, maritime, infantry, engineering, personnel, logistic and finance areas of assistance. Two more Australian personnel were seconded as advisers on logistics and personnel matters in August 2006, while an Australian bureaucrat from the Department of Defence is posted to the PNG defence department. "Australia is particularly interested in supporting Port Moresby in the areas of counter-terrorism, maritime patrols and defence organisation structures and procedures."[13]

During its history the PNGDF has sent 400 troops to assist the Vanuatu government put down a secessionist revolt in 1980 and was called out in aid to the civil power in Port Moresby in 1983. It has also conducted operations against the OPM (Organisasi Papua Merdeka or Free Papua Movement), based in Irian Barat, and which had been involved fighting the Indonesian armed forces. From 1989 to 1997 the PNGDF was involved in fighting the secessionist Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) on Bougainville and Buka. During these operations the PNGDF was criticised for its treatment of civilians, human rights violations and the use of mercenaries.[10] More recently, following the passage of a constitutional amendment allowing the stationing of the PNGDF on foreign soil, 80 personnel joined the Australia-led Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) in July 2003. As of 2008 PNGDF personnel remain in the Solomon Islands as part of the scaled down, rotational Pacific contingent.[13]

Admiral Patrick Walsh, commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, reviews a Papua New Guinea Defence Force Honor guard

Today, the PNGDF is a small force numbering around 2,100 personnel, and consisting of a Land Element, an Air Element and a Maritime Element. It is a joint force tasked with defending Papua New Guinea and its territories against external attack, as well as having secondary functions including national-building and internal security tasks. Defence accounts for up to 4% of government expenditure, while also receiving significant assistance and training support from Australia, New Zealand, the United States and other nations.[10] The army is under the direct command of Headquarters PNGDF, while the air force and navy have their own commanding officers. The PNGDF is under the political oversight of the Minister for Defence.[13]

On 26 January 2012, military personnel under the command of the retired officer Colonel Yaura Sasa purported to arrest the commander of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force, Brigadier General Francis Agwi. It was reported that former Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare had ordered the operation in relation to his attempts to regain the leadership of the country, and had offered to appoint Sasa the commander of the PNGDF.[14]

The size of the PNGDF is to be increased under the Defence White Paper 2013 to 5,000 personnel by 2017 back to the pre Reform Program level in 2002.[7] Defence expenditure had already increased considerably since 2010, rising from K120.3 million in that year to K242 million in 2013.[6] Defence spending under the White Paper is to annually increase from 2014 to reach 3% of GDP by 2017.[7] During 2014 the government announced that it intends to take out a K1.9 billion loan to fund new weapons, uniforms and other capital equipment of the military. The PNGDF is to be modernised under the White Paper with the Land Force to be reequipped with new weapons and equipment including armoured vehicles and the Maritime Element is to acquire three offshore patrol vessels, six patrol craft, one multi-purpose ship and three landing craft with the current fleet of donated Australian vessels to be rehabilitated before being retired in 2018.[7] The Air Element is to restore its fixed wing fleet to flying status with two Casa CN235 and two Arava RV201 and is to acquire PAC 750 STOL aircraft, four Casa C-212-400 aircraft and six Eurocopter EC145 helicopters.[7]

Land Element

A PNGDF soldier in Kumul uniform with an M16 rifle

The Land Element is the PNGDFs army land force, being primarily a light infantry force capable of conducting low-tempo operations only; it is the senior of the three services. The army has its origins in the Pacific Islands Regiment, which was formed in 1951 as a component of the Australian Army. Since independence, the army has become an indigenous organisation with its own traditions and culture. Nonetheless, the force has adopted foreign ideas on the roles and needs of an armed force, leading to proposals for armour, artillery and attack helicopters. However, the army faces severe budgetary problems and has therefore had virtually no money for operations, training, and maintenance or capital equipment upgrades. In this context, proposals to develop the army into a well equipped, mobile conventional land force, are unlikely in the near to medium term.[13] The army's role is to protect against external aggression, provide for internal security in support of the police, and to carry out civic action and relief operations when required. The engineer battalion is used for civic action with construction and reticulation capabilities, while the two infantry battalions also constructs roads, bridges and other infrastructure in regions where commercial companies are unwilling to work for security reasons.[13]

The army has no significant experience in conventional operations and according to Janes it has limited ability to deploy overseas independently; "it is not effective in internal security operations and has often shown scant regard for political authority. This was illustrated in August 2006 when the PNG government declared a state of emergency in the Southern Highlands province where a proposed gas pipeline has been planned. Troops were being deployed to restore law, order and good governance in the province. In these latter circumstances it has proven to be more of a threat to the state than an asset. For reasons of cultural diversity and rivalry, terrain and transport difficulties and the reduction and retaining of the smaller army—a successful army coup would be extremely unlikely."[13]

During the 1990s the army's main role was internal security and counter-insurgency operations in Bougainville, where a secessionist movement was attempting to bring independence. This operation—which lasted at varying levels of intensity until 1997—revealed the army's ineffectiveness, lack of training and indiscipline. The army was accused of significant human rights violations and there were indications it was operating independently of the government. Indeed, in June 1991 Colonel L. Nuia was dismissed for killing civilians and using Australian-donated helicopters to dump their bodies at sea, while in September 1993 the PNG government offered to pay compensation for Solomon Island civilians killed by PNGDF forces who had pursued BRA members across the border. The fighting in Bougainville also exposed weaknesses in command, training, discipline and force structure.[10] Later the army was also involved in the controversial Sandline affair of 1997, when the PNGDF Commander—Jerry Singirok—blocked the use of mercenaries to destroy the revolt on Bougainville. The current restructure has focused on the removal of men of a quality now judged to have been unsuitable for the Bougainville campaign and since the end of operations there the army has, with Australian assistance, attempted to reform all aspects of its training and administration.[13]

In the early 21st century terrorism has become increasingly a concern for Papua New Guinea policy-makers and one of the major objectives of the army for 2008 is to prepare itself to deter any attack on its sovereignty but more particularly to terrorist attacks. Equally, although the army has no history of peace support contributions, its involvement in RAMSI has proven a catalyst to determine how it could train for and be used in UN operations. Despite these efforts the army is still not in a position to provide forces with the appropriate "level of training and discipline" without significant risk, according to Janes. To be sure, however, "the army command views such deployment as their contribution to the 'economic well-being of PNG' and a way of maintaining any semblance of a proficient armed force."[13]

As of 2015, women are permitted to serve in non-combat roles in the PNGDF's Land Element.[15]

Current organisation

A PNGDF soldier in 2017

The Land Element is directly commanded by the Commander PNGDF, Brigadier General Gilbert Toropo, and has been significantly reduced in size due to restructuring (from 3,500 to 1,800 as of late 2007) and currently comprises the following:[13]

  • Command HQ (Port Moresby);
  • two light Infantry battalions of the Royal Pacific Islands Regiment (1 RPIR at Port Moresby and 2 RPIR at Wewak);
  • Long Range Reconnaissance Unit;
  • one Engineer battalion (Lae);
  • Signals Squadron (Port Moresby);
  • EOD unit;
  • Preventative Health Platoon; and
  • Defence Academy (Lae)[16]

A ceremonial guard was established in 2015.[17]

The army's main bases include Port Moresby, Wewak and Lae, while company strength outstations are located at Kiunga and Vanimo. Communications centres are found at all of these locations and also on Manus island. Papua New Guinea has large areas of uninhabited jungle suitable for training. A training depot is maintained at Goldie River near Port Moresby and at Lae.[13]

Historically the army has been poorly trained; however Australia has recently made this the focus of the Enhanced Defence Partnership programme, supplying training, advisors and equipment. New Zealand is also contributing training assistance under its Mutual Assistance Programme. Equally army personnel have in the past trained with the French in New Caledonia, while US Special Forces have occasionally undertaken joint exercises in PNG. At present, however, over 90 per cent of the budget is dedicated to pay and retrenchments, and as a consequence there is little left to fund training exercises. While most soldiers are not currently formally qualified for their rank, there are determined moves to professionalise the army after the restructure is complete. Indeed, the army has an officer training academy and a small trade training capacity, which is being boosted by Australian personnel. A small number of officer candidates also undertake training at the Royal Military College – Duntroon, in Canberra. Australian procedures are followed as a matter of course, and their influence is increasing as more joint training exercises are held.[13]

Long Range Reconnaissance Unit

The Long Range Reconnaissance Unit (LRRU) is a small infantry unit responsible for providing small reconnaissance teams for patrols in tropical rainforests, wetlands and in the highlands and counter terrorist capabilities.[18] In 1996, the Special Forces Unit (SFU) was formed which was later renamed the LRRU.[19] The LRRU has trained with the Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) and the New Zealand Special Air Service (NZSAS) in PNG in its reconnaissance role for many years.[20] In 2014, the LRRU commenced developing a counter terrorist capability for the APEC Summit held in 2018, it received new equipment in preparation for this.[21] The LRRU then provided a response capability for the Pacific Games in July 2015, with training provided by Australian Army Special Operations Command units and the NZSAS.[22][23]

The Warrior Wing established in the 1990s by U.S. Special Forces consists of experienced LRRU soldiers who provide reconnaissance training and coordinate exercises with foreign units.[24]

Equipment

The army is only lightly equipped—possessing no artillery, heavy weapons, anti-armour or anti-aircraft weapons. It is chronically short of equipment, maintaining just a few mortars, small arms and limited communications equipment. Because mobility is severely impaired due to PNG's mountainous geography, heavy rain forest, and the nation's underdeveloped transport infrastructure, artillery is not used by the New Guinea Defence Force.[13]

Regardless, while the army's equipment remains largely outdated and inadequate, some new equipment was procured in late 2003 was commissioned during 2004. PNGDF has fielded a new digital satellite communications network, enabling it to communicate with its personnel on the Solomon Islands, stationed there as part of PNG's commitment to the international intervention force. The army can also now communicate securely with its personnel located at seven fixed ground stations—the barracks at Murray, Taurama, Goldie, Lombrum, Igam, Vanimo and Moem. The system also includes mobile units installed on small trucks which communicate from remote locations via the fixed ground stations. Equally in June 2007, the army received 32 new HF Barrett communication radios, at a cost of PGK800,000, in order to assist with providing security for the 2007 election.[13]

The security of the PNGDF's weapons is also an issue, and it is alleged that various mortars, guns and small arms have been used in tribal conflicts and robberies. In response more secure armouries have been provided by Australia, however weapon security remains elusive. Further attempts to improve weapons security were implemented during 2005 with fortnightly weapon checks and making unit commanders accountable for the return of weapons, with serious action threatened for any defaults. Also, soldiers are now forbidden to carry weapons in public without specific permission.[13]

The Chinese government donated 40 military vehicles in December 2015.[25] In 2017-2018, China donated armoured vehicles, troop carriers, buses, mobile kitchen vans and ambulances.[26][27][28][29] Ten armoured vehicles were donated including four Norinco WZ-551 wheeled infantry fighting vehicles.[26][30]

In May 2020, Australia donated 28 DJI Phantom drones to patrol its border with Indonesia.[31]

Small arms

FN MAG heavy machine gun
Name Origin Type Variant Notes
Pistols
Hi-Power[32] Belgium Semi-automatic pistol obtained from Australia.[33]
Colt M1911[32] United States Semi-automatic pistol
Submachine guns
F1[32] Australia Submachine gun
FN P90[32] Belgium Submachine gun 5.7×28mm
Sterling[34] United Kingdom Submachine gun
Rifles
FAMAS[32][35] France Assault rifle
M-16A2[34] United States Assault rifle Standard service rifle of the PNGDF.[34]
L85A1[32] United Kingdom Assault rifle
SAR 80[32] Singapore Assault rifle
SR 88[34] Singapore Assault rifle
Steyr AUG[34] Austria Assault rifle
IMI Galil[32] Israel Assault rifle Galil Sniper
H&K 33E/79[32] Germany Assault rifle
H&K G3[34] Germany Battle rifle
L1A2 SLR[34] Australia Battle rifle
Lee–Enfield[32] United Kingdom Bolt-action rifle
XM-15[32][34] United States Semi-automatic rifle
Machine guns
L2A1[32] Australia Light machine gun Heavy-barrelled variant of the L1A1 SLR.[32]
Bren L4A4[32] United Kingdom Light machine gun Sourced from Australia.[32]
Ultimax 100[34] Singapore Light machine gun Ultimax 100 Mk.2.[32]
FN MAG[34] Belgium GPMG MAG-58 variant.[34]
M60[34] United States GPMG Sourced from Australia.[34]
Browning M2 HB[32] United States Heavy machine gun
Explosive weapons
RPG-7[32] Soviet Union Rocket-propelled grenade
M203[32] United States Grenade launcher

Vehicles

Name Origin Type Quantity Notes
WZ-551 China Infantry fighting vehicle 4 Donated by China[30]

Air Operations Element

PNGDF roundel

The Air Operations Element is the air force branch of the PNGDF, operating a small number of light aircraft and rotary wing assets in support of army operations. Like the PNGDF in general the air force suffers from chronic equipment shortages and underfunding, but probably even more so than the other two branches.[36] The role of the air force is to support army operations with transport, air re-supply and medical evacuation capabilities. In future it may also be used to bolster border security and conduct maritime surveillance missions.[36]

Current organisation

The air force is commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Peter Amos. It consists of the Air Transport Wing and has only one squadron—the Air Transport Squadron—with a strength of about 100 personnel, being based at Jackson Airport in Port Moresby. In recent years it has suffered from significant serviceability issues. Indeed, it only became airborne again in 2005 for the first time in five years, as funding shortages resulted in the small transport aircraft fleet being grounded for an extended period. By January 2006, one CN-235, one Arava and one UH-1H Iroquois helicopter had been made operational, with single examples of each of those three types also being returned to service by 2007.[36]

A 2003 review recommended the air force's strength be reduced to 65 personnel, a figure which the PNGDF is working towards as part of its current restructuring programme. By the end of 2004, the air force was suffering from an acute shortage of pilots, but recruitment in 2005 succeeded in raising the pilot pool to 10 by January 2006.[36] After several years when no training was undertaken pilots are now sent to Singapore and Indonesia for instruction on simulators. Given its limited operational activity and the lack of combat equipment, little thought has been given to tactical doctrine however.[36]

Since 2012, the Australian government has facilitated the lease of two helicopters from Hevilift PNG to provide a rotary wing capability which in 2016 was extended until 2019.[37][38] In February 2016, a contract was signed with New Zealand company Pacific Aerospace for four PAC P-750 XSTOL aircraft for search and rescue and surveillance and two PAC CT/4 Airtrainer aircraft.[39][40][41] The UH-1H Iroquois helicopters and IAI Arava fixed-wing aircraft were to be retired in 2016.[42]

Current inventory

A PNGDF CN-235 at RAAF Fairbairn in Australia
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Transport
PAC P-750 New Zealand utility 3[43]
CASA CN-235 Spain / Indonesia SAR / utility 1[44]
Helicopters
Bell 212 United States utility 2[45] under lease contract
Trainer Aircraft
PAC CT-4E New Zealand primary trainer 2 on order[46]

Retired aircraft

Previous aircraft operated by Papua New Guinea consisted of the Douglas C-47, GAF Nomad, IAI-201 Arava, and the Bell UH-1 Huey helicopter.[47]

Maritime Element

The Maritime element is the naval branch of the PNGDF, being mainly a light patrol force and is responsible for defending local waters only. It too suffers from chronic equipment shortages and underfunding.[48] The navy has three primary roles: support for military operations, EEZ protection, and heavy logistic support for the army and civil society.[48]

Current organisation

Naval Ensign

The navy is commanded by Captain Max Aleale and consists of approximately 200 personnel and is based in Port Moresby, Manus Island and Milne Bay[48] and currently comprises the following:

According to Janes the navy is badly underfunded and the task of patrolling such a large Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is too great and they are heavily reliant for information about the presence of foreign ships on daily reports supplied by US satellite surveillance. The main concern is illegal tuna fishing by Japanese vessels.[48] Australia continues to assist the navy patrol its waters and in the training of personnel. A Royal Australian Navy Officer has been seconded to PNG's National Co-ordination Centre and joint exercises are held regularly to review and strengthen current maritime border surveillance. The Australian Border Force also takes part in cross-border patrols. As a matter of course, Australian doctrine and procedures are used.[48]

In November 2018, Australia gifted PNG the first of four Austal built Guardian-class patrol boats to replace the four Pacific-class patrol boats gifted to PNG in the late-1980s through the Pacific Patrol Boat Program.[52][53][54] The first Guardian-class boat HMPNGS Ted Diro was commissioned in February 2019.[55] In 2018, the first Pacific-class boat was decommissioned with the remaining three decommissioned in 2021.[56][57] In June 2022, PNG commissioned HMPNGS Cape Gloucester a Malaysian built landing craft gifted to PNG by Australia.[51][58] Cape Gloucester replaced two Balikpapan-class landing crafts: HMPNGS Salamaua decommissioned in 2020 and HMPNGS Buna decommissioned in 2021.[59][60][58] HMPNGS Lakekamu, a Balikpapan-class landing craft gifted to PNG by Australia in 2014, remains in service as a training ship in addition to transporting equipment.[61][62]

Vessels

HMPNGS Francis Agwi at Austal shipyard in 2021
Vessel Origin Type Notes
HMPNGS Lakekamu Australia Landing Craft Balikpapan class
HMPNGS Cape Gloucester (L21) Malaysia Landing Craft
HMPNGS Ted Diro (P401)[49] Australia Patrol Boat Guardian Class
HMPNGS Rochus Lokinap (P402)[49] Australia Patrol Boat Guardian Class
HMPNGS Francis Agwi (P403)[49] Australia Patrol Boat Guardian Class

Ranks

Further information: Papua New Guinea Defence Force ranks

Notes

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  6. ^ a b c Defence Intelligence Organisation (2015), p. 34
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  30. ^ a b Connolly, Peter (2020). "The Belt and Road comes to Papua New Guinea: Chinese geoeconomics with Melanesian characteristics?". Security Challenges. 16 (4). Institute for Regional Security: 59. ISSN 1833-1459. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  31. ^ "PNGDF demonstrates use of drones by the reconnaissance unit". Post Courier. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Alpers, Philip (2010). Karp, Aaron (ed.). The Politics of Destroying Surplus Small Arms: Inconspicuous Disarmament. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge Books. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-0-415-49461-8.
  33. ^ [1] Archived December 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Capie, David (2004). Under the Gun: The Small Arms Challenge in the Pacific. Wellington: Victoria University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0864734532.
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  49. ^ a b c d Finkeo, Marjorie (13 February 2023). "One More Vessel for Defence Force". Post Courier. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  50. ^ Defence Minister Senator David Johnston (4 December 2014). "Minister for Defence – Defence Minister welcomes the commissioning of HMPNGS Lakekamu". Department of Defence (Press release). Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  51. ^ a b Felton, Benjamin (25 May 2022). "Australia Supplies New Ships To Papua New Guinea". Naval News. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  52. ^ Minister for Defence Industry (31 July 2017). "Pacific Patrol Boat Milestone". Department of Defence (Press release). Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  53. ^ Valenti, Dr. Alix (21 December 2016). "PNGDF Plans Expansion". Asian Military Review. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  54. ^ Minister for Defence Christopher Pyne; Minister for Defence Industry Steven Ciobo (30 November 2018). "First Guardian Class patrol boat gifted to PNG". Department of Defence Ministers (Press release). Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  55. ^ West, LT Sarah (12 February 2019). "Pacific security bolstered as first Guardian class Patrol Boat commissioned". Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019.
  56. ^ "Her Majesty Papua New Guinean Ship 'Rabaul'". EMTV Online. 4 August 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2023 – via Facebook.
  57. ^ "Vessels decommissioned". The National. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  58. ^ a b Kellerton, Marysila (15 June 2022). "HMPNGS Cape Gloucester". Loop PNG. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  59. ^ Yafoi, Melisha (22 June 2020). "Naval ship decommissioned". Post Courier. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  60. ^ "Former navy officers recall time on board Buna". The National. 28 June 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  61. ^ Department of Defence (16 January 2018). "Labuan lives on through Lakekamu". Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018.
  62. ^ Zarriga, Miriam (27 June 2022). "Armoured Vehicle Delivery". Post Courier. Retrieved 23 April 2023.

References

Further reading

  • Robie, David (29 November 1988). "The Silent Border Struggle". The Dominion. Wellington.
  • Dibb, Paul; Nicholas, Rhondda (1996). Restructuring the Papua New Guinea Defence Force: Strategic Analysis and Force Structure Principles for a Small State. Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University. ISBN 073152490X.
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