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Rowland Hill

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This article is about the postal reformer. For other people named Rowland Hill, see Rowland Hill (disambiguation).
Sir
Rowland Hill
KCB FRS
Born(1795-12-03)3 December 1795
Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England
Died27 August 1879(1879-08-27) (aged 83)
Hampstead, London, England
Resting placeWestminster Abbey
NationalityBritish
Occupation(s)Schoolteacher, social reformer, postal administrator
Known forUniform Penny Post
AwardsAlbert Medal (1864)
Signature

Sir Rowland Hill, KCB, FRS (3 December 1795 – 27 August 1879) was an English teacher, inventor and social reformer.[1] He campaigned for a comprehensive reform of the postal system, based on the concept of Uniform Penny Post and his solution of pre-payment, facilitating the safe, speedy and cheap transfer of letters. Hill later served as a government postal official, and he is usually credited with originating the basic concepts of the modern postal service, including the invention of the postage stamp.

Hill made the case that if letters were cheaper to send, people, including the poorer classes, would send more of them, thus eventually profits would go up.[2] Proposing an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage – with the first being the Penny Black – in 1840, the first year of Penny Post, the number of letters sent in the UK more than doubled.[2] Within 10 years, it had doubled again. Within three years postage stamps were introduced in Switzerland and Brazil, a little later in the US, and by 1860, they were used in 90 countries.[2]

Personal life

Rowland Hill was born in Blackwell Street, Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England. Rowland's father, Thomas Wright Hill, was an innovator in education and politics, including among his friends Joseph Priestley, Tom Paine and Richard Price.[3]

Hill worked at the Assay Office in Birmingham[4] and painted landscapes in his spare time.[5]

In 1827, he married Caroline Pearson, originally from Wolverhampton, who died on 27 May 1881. Together they had four children: three daughters (Eleanor, Clara and Louisa), and one son (Pearson).[6]

Educational reform

In 1819 he moved his father's school "Hill Top" from central Birmingham, establishing the Hazelwood School at Edgbaston, an affluent neighbourhood of Birmingham, as an "educational refraction of Priestley's ideas".[7][8] Hazelwood was to provide a model for public education for the emerging middle classes, aiming for useful, pupil-centred education which would give sufficient knowledge, skills and understanding to allow a student to continue self-education through a life "most useful to society and most happy to himself".[9] The school, which Hill designed, included innovations such as a science laboratory, a swimming pool, and forced air heating. In his Plans for the Government and Liberal Instruction of Boys in Large Numbers Drawn from Experience (1822, often cited as Public Education) he argued that kindness, instead of caning, and moral influence, rather than fear, should be the predominant forces in school discipline. Science was to be a compulsory subject, and students were to be self-governing.[5][10]

Hazelwood gained international attention when French education leader and editor Marc Antoine Jullien, former secretary to Maximilien de Robespierre, visited and wrote about the school in the June 1823 issue of his journal Revue encyclopédique. Jullien even transferred his son there. Hazelwood so impressed Jeremy Bentham that in 1827 a branch of the school was created at Bruce Castle in Tottenham, London. In 1833, the original Hazelwood School closed and its educational system was continued at the new Bruce Castle School, of which Hill was head master from 1827 until 1839.[citation needed]

Colonisation of South Australia

Further information: British colonisation of South Australia
Sir Rowland Hill, mid-19th century

The colonisation of South Australia was a project of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who believed that many of the social problems in Britain were caused by overcrowding and overpopulation. In 1832 Rowland Hill published a tract called Home colonies: sketch of a plan for the gradual extinction of pauperism, and for the diminution of crime, based on a Dutch model.[11]

Hill then served from 1833 until 1839 as secretary of the South Australian Colonization Commission, which worked successfully to establish a settlement without convicts at what is today Adelaide. The political economist Robert Torrens was chairman of the commission.[12] Under the South Australia Act 1834, the colony was to embody the ideals and best qualities of British society, shaped by religious freedom and a commitment to social progress and civil liberties.[citation needed]

Hill was an advocate for proportional representation. Adelaide was one of the first places in the world to use the "British form of proportional representation" single transferable voting in the mid-1800s.[citation needed][13]

Rowland Hill's sister, Caroline Clark, her husband Francis, and their large family migrated to South Australia in 1850.[14]

Postal reform

Rowland Hill first started to take a serious interest in postal reforms in 1835.[15] In 1836 Robert Wallace, MP, provided Hill with numerous books and documents, which Hill described as a "half hundred weight of material".[16] Hill commenced a detailed study of these documents and this led him to publish, in early 1837, a pamphlet called Post Office Reform its Importance and Practicability. He submitted a copy of this to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Thomas Spring Rice, on 4 January 1837.[17] This first edition was marked "private and confidential" and was not released to the general public. The Chancellor summoned Hill to a meeting in which the Chancellor suggested improvements, asked for reconsiderations and requested a supplement, which Hill duly produced and supplied on 28 January 1837.[18]

1 Orme Square, Bayswater, London, W2, Hill's home 1839–42

In the 1830s at least 12.5% of all British mail was conveyed under the personal frank of peers, dignitaries and members of parliament, while censorship and political espionage were conducted by postal officials. Fundamentally, the postal system was mismanaged, wasteful, expensive and slow. It had become inadequate for the needs of an expanding commercial and industrial nation.[19] There is a well-known story, probably apocryphal, about how Hill gained an interest in reforming the postal system; he apparently noticed a young woman too poor to claim a letter sent to her by her fiancé. At that time, letters were normally paid for by the recipient, not the sender. The recipient could simply refuse delivery. Frauds were commonplace: for example, coded information could appear on the cover of the letter; the recipient would examine the cover to gain the information, and then refuse delivery to avoid payment. Each individual letter had to be logged. In addition, postal rates were complex, depending on the distance and the number of sheets in the letter.[20]

Richard Cobden and John Ramsey McCulloch, both advocates of free trade, attacked the policies of privilege and protection of the Tory government. McCulloch, in 1833, advanced the view that "nothing contributes more to facilitate commerce than the safe, speedy and cheap conveyance of letters."[21]

1 Orme Square, commemorative plaque

Hill's pamphlet, Post Office Reform: its Importance and Practicability, referred to above, was circulated privately in 1837. The report called for "low and uniform rates" according to weight, rather than distance. Hill's study reported his findings and those of Charles Babbage that most of the costs in the postal system were not for transport, but rather for laborious handling procedures at the origins and the destinations. Costs could be reduced dramatically if postage were prepaid by the sender, the prepayment to be proven by the use of prepaid letter sheets or adhesive stamps (adhesive stamps had long been used to show payment of taxes, on documents for example). Letter sheets were to be used because envelopes were not yet common; they were not yet mass-produced, and in an era when postage was calculated partly on the basis of the number of sheets of paper used, the same sheet of paper would be folded and serve for both the message and the address. In addition, Hill proposed to lower the postage rate to a penny per half ounce, without regard to distance.[22] He first presented his proposal to the government in 1837.

The Penny Black, the World's first adhesive postage stamp

In the House of Lords the Postmaster, Lord Lichfield, a Whig, denounced Hill's "wild and visionary schemes." William Leader Maberly, Secretary to the Post Office, also a Whig, denounced Hill's study: "This plan appears to be a preposterous one, utterly unsupported by facts and resting entirely on assumption". But merchants, traders and bankers viewed the existing system as corrupt and a restraint of trade. They formed a "Mercantile Committee" to advocate Hill's plan and push for its adoption. In 1839 Hill was given a two-year contract to run the new system.

From 1839 to 1842, Hill lived at 1 Orme Square, Bayswater, London, and there is an LCC plaque there in his honour.[23]

The uniform fourpenny post rate lowered the cost to fourpence from 5 December 1839,[24] then to the penny rate on 10 January 1840, even before stamps or letter sheets could be printed. The volume of paid internal correspondence increased dramatically, by 120%, between November 1839 and February 1840. This initial increase resulted from the elimination of "free franking" privileges and fraud.

Prepaid letter sheets, with a design by William Mulready, were distributed in early 1840. These Mulready envelopes were not popular and were widely satirised. According to a brochure distributed by the National Postal Museum (now the British Postal Museum & Archive), the Mulready envelopes threatened the livelihoods of stationery manufacturers, who encouraged the satires. They became so unpopular that the government used them on official mail and destroyed many others.

However, a niche commercial publishing industry for machine-printed illustrated envelopes subsequently developed in Britain and elsewhere. So it is likely that it was the grandiose and incomprehensible illustration printed on the envelopes that provoked the ridicule and led to their withdrawal. Indeed, in the absence of examples of machine-printed illustrated envelopes before this, the Mulready envelope may be recognised as a significant innovation in its own right. Machine-printed illustrated envelopes are a mainstay of the direct mail industry.

In May 1840 the world's first adhesive postage stamps were distributed. With an elegant engraving of the young Queen Victoria (whose 21st birthday was celebrated that month), the Penny Black was an instant success. Refinements, such as perforations to ease the separation of the stamps, were instituted with later issues.

Later life

Hill famlly vault at Highgate Cemetery

Rowland Hill continued at the Post Office until the Conservative Party won the 1841 General Election. Sir Robert Peel returned to office on 30 August 1841 and served until 29 June 1846. Amid rancorous controversy, Hill was dismissed in July 1842. However, the London and Brighton Railway named him a director and later chairman of the board, from 1843 to 1846. He lowered the fares from London to Brighton, expanded the routes, offered special excursion trains, and made the commute comfortable for passengers. In 1844 Edwin Chadwick, Rowland Hill, John Stuart Mill, Lyon Playfair, Dr. Neil Arnott, and other friends formed a society called "Friends in Council," which met at each other's houses to discuss questions of political economy.[25] Hill also became a member of the influential Political Economy Club, founded by David Ricardo and other classical economists, but now including many powerful businessmen and political figures.[12] Mill and Hill were both advocates for proportional representation.[13]

In 1846 the Conservative party split over the repeal of the Corn Laws and was replaced by a Whig government led by Lord Russell. Hill was made Secretary to the Postmaster General, and then Secretary to the Post Office from 1854 until 1864. For his services Hill was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1860. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded an honorary degree from University of Oxford.

For the last 30 years of his life, and where he died in 1879, Hill lived at Bartram House on Hampstead Green. Bartrams, was the largest house in a row of four Georgian mansions which were demolished at the start of the twentieth century to make way for Hampstead General Hospital, which was itself demolished in the 1970s and replaced by The Royal Free Hospital. For twenty years his next-door neighbour on Hampstead Green was the gothic revival architect Samuel Sanders Teulon who designed St Stephen's Church, Rosslyn Hill facing their houses. He is buried in Westminster Abbey; there is a memorial to him on his family grave in Highgate Cemetery. There are streets named after him in Hampstead (off Haverstock Hill, down the side of the Royal Free Hospital) and Tottenham (off White Hart Lane). A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque, unveiled in 1893, commemorates Hill at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead.[26]

Family

Hill was one of eight children.[27] One brother, Matthew Davenport Hill (1792–1872), was Recorder of Birmingham, a campaigner on prison reform,[28] and, from 1832, MP for Hull.[29]

Another was Edwin Hill (1793–1876), who was the first British Controller of Stamps from 1840 until 1872, and invented a mechanical system to make envelopes.[30] Yet another was the prison inspector Frederic Hill (1803–1896).[31]

Legacy and commemorations

Statue of Rowland Hill by Edward Onslow Ford, 1884, at King Edward Street, London

Hill has two legacies. The first was his model for education of the emerging middle classes. The second was his model for an efficient postal system to serve business and the public, including the postage stamp and the system of low and uniform postal rates, which is often taken for granted in the modern world.[32] In this, he not only changed postal services around the world, but also made commerce more efficient and profitable, even though it took 30 years before the British Post Office's revenue recovered to its 1839 level. The Uniform Penny Post continued in the UK into the 20th century, and at one point, one penny (1d) paid for up to four ounces (113 g).

The Birmingham statue in the city's General Post Office, circa 1894, shortly after its opening

There are four public statues of Hill. The earliest is in Birmingham: a Carrara marble sculpture by Peter Hollins unveiled in 1870.[33] Its location was moved in 1874, 1891 (when it was placed in the city's General Post Office) and 1934.[33] In 1940 it was removed for safe keeping for the duration of the Second World War.[33] It is now in the foyer of the Royal Mail sorting office in Newtown, Birmingham.

A marble statue in Kidderminster, Hill's birthplace, was sculpted by Sir Thomas Brock and unveiled in June 1881.[34] It is at the junction of Vicar and Exchange Streets.[34] Hill is prominent in Kidderminster's community history. There used to be a J D Wetherspoon pub called The Penny Black in the town centre until 2019 and a large shopping mall linking Vicar Street and Worcester Street is named The Rowland Hill Shopping Centre.[35]

In London a bronze statue by Edward Onslow Ford, also made in 1881, stands outside the King Edward Building (formerly London's principal Post Office) in King Edward Street.[36] There is a large sculpture in Dalton Square, Lancaster, The Victoria Monument, depicting eminent Victorians and Rowland Hill is included.[citation needed]

Bust of Rowland Hill marking his burial place in Westminster Abbey.

There are at least two marble busts of Hill, also unveiled in 1881. One, by W. D. Keyworth, Jr., is in St Paul's Chapel, Westminster Abbey.[37] Another, by William Theed, is in Albert Square, Manchester.[38]

In recognition of his contributions to the development of the modern postal system, Rowland Hill is commemorated at the Universal Postal Union, the UN agency charged with regulating the international postal system. His name appears on one of the two large meeting halls at the UPU headquarters in Bern, Switzerland.[citation needed]

At Tottenham, north London, there is now a local history museum at Bruce Castle (where Hill lived during the 1840s) including some relevant exhibits.

In Adelaide, capital of South Australia, both Hill Street, North Adelaide and Rowland Place in the city centre are named in his honour.

The Rowland Hill Awards,[39] started by the Royal Mail and the British Philatelic Trust in 1997,[40] are annual awards for philatelic "innovation, initiative and enterprise."

In 1882 the Post Office instituted the Rowland Hill Fund for postal workers, pensioners and dependents in need.[41] The Rowland Hill Memorial Fund of Ireland was founded for Ireland in 1928, to help serving or retired staff and their dependents, for the former Department of Posts and Telegraphs and continues to serve the reorganised companies An Post and eircom. The fund assists more than 300 people annually.[42]

Philatelic commemorations

For the centenary of the first stamp, Portugal issued a miniature sheet with 8 stamps mentioning his name. Later, on his death centenary, an omnibus issue of stamps commemorating Hill was produced by about 80 countries. Altogether, 147 countries have issued stamps commemorating him.[citation needed]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ * Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hill, Sir Rowland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 465–466.
  2. ^ a b c "The Penny Post revolutionary who transformed how we send letters". BBC. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  3. ^ "Joseph Priestley and his Influence on Education in Birmingham". Revolutionary Players. 28 February 2004. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  4. ^ Seaborne 1971, p. 196.
  5. ^ a b Tim, Midgley (2009). "Sir Rowland Hill – a social reformer".
  6. ^ "Rowland Hill". NNDB. 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  7. ^ Armytage 1967, p. 67.
  8. ^ Bartrip 1980, pp. 46–59.
  9. ^ Halévy 1972, pp. 153–4, 249–478, 433, 491.
  10. ^ "Sir Rowland Hill". Answers.com. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  11. ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography on Rowland Hill. Bookrags.com. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  12. ^ a b O'Brien 2004[page needed]
  13. ^ a b Newman, Hare-Clark in Tasmania
  14. ^ Brown & Martin/Clark Committee 1999[page needed]
  15. ^ Hill & Hill 1880, p. 242.
  16. ^ Hill & Hill 1880, p. 246.
  17. ^ Muir 1990, p. 42.
  18. ^ Hill & Hill 1880, p. 264.
  19. ^ Allam 1976[page needed]
  20. ^ Bastiat, Frédéric. Economic Sophisms: Series 2, Chapter 12. See II.12.25.
  21. ^ Robinson 1948[page needed]
  22. ^ Hill 1837[page needed]
  23. ^ Christopher Hibbert; Ben Weinreb; John Keay; Julia Keay (9 September 2011). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. p. 608. ISBN 978-0-230-73878-2.
  24. ^ "Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms". AskPhil.org – Collectors Club of Chicago. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
  25. ^ "Biography of Edwin Chadwick". DNB. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  26. ^ "Hill, Sir Rowland, K.C.B. (1795–1879)". English Heritage. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  27. ^ Wale, Daniel (March 2016). "Hazelwood School – A Catalyst For Reformatory Education?". Papers from the Education Doctoral Research Conference 2015. Birmingham: University of Birmingham. pp. 137–144. ISBN 978-0-7044-2862-1. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  28. ^ Burritt, Elihu (1868). Walks in the Black Country and its Green Border-Land . London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston. pp. 42–43 – via Wikisource. [scan Wikisource link]
  29. ^ Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 147–150 – via Google Books.
  30. ^ I.D. Hill, "Hill, Edwin (1793–1876)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
  31. ^ Deborah Sara Gorham, 'Hill, Rosamond Davenport (1825–1902)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2007 [1]
  32. ^ "Rowland Hill's Postal Reforms". The British Postal Museum & Archive.
  33. ^ a b c "Sir Rowland Hill (1795–1879)". National Recording Project. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  34. ^ a b "Sir Rowland Hill (1795–1879)". National Recording Project. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. 1 May 1990. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  35. ^ "Roland Hill Shopping Centre". 192. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  36. ^ "Rowland Hill, Statue, King Edward St". National Recording Project. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  37. ^ "People Buried or Commemorated – Rowland Hill". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  38. ^ "Sir Rowland Hill". National Recording Project. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  39. ^ "What Are the Rowland Hill Awards?". British Philatelic Trust. 14 May 2007. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  40. ^ "Welcome to the British Philatelic Trust". British Philatelic Trust. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  41. ^ "Rowland Hill Fund". Communication Workers Union. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  42. ^ "The Rowland Hill Memorial Fund of Ireland". Postnews (116). Dublin: An Post: 8. June 2006.

Sources

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