Humanistic Judaism
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Humanistic Judaism (Template:Lang-he Yahadut Humanistit) is a Jewish movement that offers a nontheistic alternative to contemporary branches of Judaism. It defines Judaism as the cultural and historical experience of the Jewish people rather than a religion, and encourages Jews who are humanistic and secular to celebrate their identity by participating in relevant holidays and rites of passage (such as weddings and bar/bat mitzvahs) with inspirational ceremonies that go beyond traditional literature while still drawing upon it.[1][2]
Origins
In its current form, Humanistic Judaism was founded in either 1963[1] or 1965[2] (sources differ) by American rabbi Sherwin Wine.[1][3][4] As a rabbi trained in Reform Judaism with a small, secular, non-theistic congregation, he developed a Jewish liturgy that reflected his and his congregation's philosophical viewpoints by combining Jewish culture, history, and identity with humanistic outlooks while excluding all prayers and references to a god of any kind. This congregation developed into the Birmingham Temple in Farmington Hills, Michigan. It was soon joined by a previously Reform congregation in Illinois and a group in Westport, Connecticut.
In 1969, all three congregations were organizationally united with other groups under the umbrella of the Society for Humanistic Judaism (SHJ). The SHJ had 10,000 members across 30 congregations in the United States and Canada in 1994; however, there are many congregations that identify with Humanistic Judaism's teachings but are not members of the SHJ.[5]
As of 2020, the Pew Research Center estimated that Humanistic Judaism, along with Reconstructionism and other smaller denominations, constituted 4% of the United States's 7.5 million Jews.[6]
The International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism (IISHJ), founded in 1986, is the academic and intellectual center of Humanistic Judaism. It currently has two centers of activity: the original in Jerusalem and another in Lincolnshire, Illinois. Rabbi Adam Chalom is the dean of the IISHJ's American site. The IISHJ offers professional training programs for spokespersons, educators, leaders (also referred to in Hebrew as madrikhim/ot or Yiddish as vegvayzer), and rabbis, in addition to its publications, public seminars, and colloquia for lay audiences.[7]
Principles of belief and practice
According to the SHJ,[8] the philosophical foundation of Humanistic Judaism includes the following ideas:
- Judaism is the culture of the Jewish people, which includes many religious and secular traditions.
- A Jew is any person who chooses to identify with the faith and culture of the Jewish people.
- After the Holocaust, it is clear that the meaning of Jewish history is that Jews must be responsible for their own fate.
- Every person is entitled to be the master of his or her own life, subject to the final authority of his or her own conscience.
- The power to achieve human survival, happiness, and dignity is a human power.
Humanistic Judaism presents a far more radical departure from traditional Jewish religion than Mordecai Kaplan, the co-founder of Reconstructionist Judaism, ever envisioned. Kaplan redefined God and other traditional religious terms so as to make them consistent with the naturalist outlook, but continued to use traditional prayer language. Wine rejected this approach as confusing, since participants could ascribe to these words whatever definitions they favored.[9] Wine strove to achieve philosophical consistency and stability by creating rituals and ceremonies that were purely non-theistic. Services were created for Shabbat, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and other Jewish holidays and festivals, often with reinterpretation of the meaning of the holiday to bring it into conformity with secular humanistic philosophy.[10]
Humanistic Judaism was developed as a possible solution to the problem of retaining Jewish identity and continuity among non-religious Jews. Recognizing that congregational religious life was thriving, Wine believed that secular Jews who had rejected theism would be attracted to an organization that provided all the same forms and activities as the religious branches of Judaism, but which expressed a purely secular humanistic viewpoint. In terms of social issues, the SHJ has outlined its stance in a series of ongoing statements.
See also
- Hillelism
- History of the Jews in Metro Detroit
- Jews and Buddhism
- Jewish Buddhists
- Jewish secularism
- List of Humanistic synagogues
- List of Jewish atheists and agnostics
- Reconstructionist Judaism
- Secular humanism
- Felix Adler
References
- ^ a b c Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). "Humanistic Judaism". Encyclopedia of Judaism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. p. 221. ISBN 0-8160-5457-6.
- ^ a b Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2006). "Humanistic Judaism". In Clarke, Peter B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of new religious movements. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 288–289. ISBN 9-78-0-415-26707-6. Archived from the original on 2022-04-16.
- ^ "International Federation for Secular & Humanistic Judaism". Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- ^ Hevesi, Dennis (July 25, 2007). "Sherwin Wine, 79, Founder of Splinter Judaism Group, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-12-06. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- ^ Niebuhr, Gustav (June 30, 1994). "Humanist Synagogue Tests Reform Judaism". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022.
- ^ Alper, Becka A.; Cooperman, Alan; et al. (2021-05-11). "Jewish Americans in 2020". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
- ^ "Mission". International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism. 2016-01-18. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
- ^ "Secular Humanistic Judaism". International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism. 2016-01-18. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
- ^ Wine 1985.
- ^ Rosenfeld, Max (1997). Festivals, folklore & philosophy: A secularist revisits Jewish traditions. Sholom Aleichem Club. ISBN 978-0961087029.
Further reading
- Malkin, Yaakov (2007). Judaism Without God?: Judaism as Culture, Bible as Literature. Translated by Shmuel Gertel. The Library of Secular Judaism. ISBN 9789659115105.
- Wine, Sherwin (1985). Judaism Beyond God: A Radical New Way to be Jewish. Farmington Hills, Mi: Society for Humanistic Judaism. ISBN 9780912645087. Archived from the original on 2022-08-09.
External links
- Society for Humanistic Judaism
- International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism
- International Federation for Secular & Humanistic Judaism
- Association of Humanistic Rabbis
- BBC - Religions - Judaism: Humanistic Judaism
- Leadership Conference of Secular and Humanistic Jews
- Israel program of International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism
- Portal of Jewish Secular Rites in Israel
- The City Congregation for Humanistic Judaism - New York City
- Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West
- Humanistic Judaism UK
- Jewish and humanist: secular Jews who helped shape the humanist movement in Britain
