Jump to content

Nationalist Movement Party

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 2001:8003:9166:3f00:78ea:4000:f41:2e29 (talk) at 10:36, 15 December 2023. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Nationalist Movement Party
Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi
AbbreviationMHP
PresidentDevlet Bahçeli
General Secretaryİsmet Büyükataman [tr]
FounderAlparslan Türkeş
Founded9 February 1969; 55 years ago (1969-02-09)
24 January 1993; 31 years ago (1993-01-24) (re-establishment)
Preceded byRepublican Villagers Nation Party
HeadquartersEhlibeyt Mh. Ceyhun Atuf Kansu Cd No:128, 06105 Ankara, Turkey
Paramilitary wingGrey Wolves[1][2][3][4][5]
Membership (2023)Decrease 464,092[6]
Ideology
Political positionFar-right[31]
National affiliationPeople's Alliance
Colours    Red, Gray (official)
  Ruby red (customary)
SloganÜlkenin Geleceğine Oy Ver
("Vote for the Country's Future")
Grand National Assembly
49 / 600
Metropolitan municipalities
1 / 30
District municipalities
233 / 1,351
Provincial councillors
188 / 1,251
Municipal Assemblies
2,819 / 20,498
Party flag
Flag of the Nationalist Movement Party
Website
www.mhp.org.tr Edit this at Wikidata

The Nationalist Movement Party (alternatively translated as Nationalist Action Party; Template:Lang-tr, MHP) is a Turkish far-right, ultranationalist political party. The group is often described as neo-fascist, and has been linked to violent paramilitaries and organized crime groups. Its leader is Devlet Bahçeli.

The party was formed in 1969 by former Turkish Army colonel Alparslan Türkeş, who had become leader of the Republican Villagers Nation Party (CKMP) in 1965. The party mainly followed a Pan-Turkist and Turkish nationalist political agenda throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Devlet Bahçeli took over after Türkeş's death in 1997. The party's youth wing is the Grey Wolves (Bozkurtlar) organization, which is also known as the "Nationalist Hearths" (Ülkü Ocakları) which played one of the biggest roles during the political violence in Turkey in the 1970s.[citation needed]

Alparslan Türkeş founded the party after criticizing the Republican People's Party (CHP) for moving too far away from the nationalist principles of their founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, claiming that he would not have founded the MHP had the CHP not deviated from Atatürk's ideology.[32] The MHP won enough seats in the 1973 and 1977 general election to take part in the "Nationalist Front" governments during the 1970s. The party was banned following the 1980 coup, but reestablished with its original name in 1993. After Türkeş's death and the election of Devlet Bahçeli as his successor, the party won 18% of the vote and 129 seats in the 1999 general election, its best ever result. Bahçeli subsequently became Deputy Prime Minister after entering a coalition with the Democratic Left Party (DSP) and the Motherland Party (ANAP), though his calls for an early election resulted in the government's collapse in 2002. In the 2002 general election, the MHP fell below the 10% election threshold and lost all of its parliamentary representation after the newly formed Justice and Development Party (AKP) won a plurality.

After the 2007 general election, in which the MHP won back its parliamentary representation with 14.27% of the vote, the party has strongly opposed the peace negotiations between the government and the Kurdistan Workers Party and used to be fiercely critical of the governing AKP over government corruption and authoritarianism. Nevertheless, the MHP has often been referred to by critics as the "AKP's lifeline", having covertly helped the AKP in situations such as the 2007 presidential election, repealing the headscarf ban, and the June–July 2015 parliamentary speaker elections.[33] Since 2015, Bahçeli has been openly supporting Erdoğan and the AKP. This caused a schism within the party, resulting in Meral Akşener leaving MHP to found the nationalist, centrist, and pro-European İYİ Party. Many high-ranking MHP members such as Ümit Özdağ, Sinan Oğan, and Koray Aydın would also either leave it or be expelled later. The MHP supported a 'Yes' vote in the 2017 referendum, and formed the People's Alliance electoral pact with the AKP for the 2018 Turkish general election. MHP currently supports a minority government led by the AKP.

History

MHP Headquarters in Balgat, Ankara

Before 1980

In 1965, nationalist politician and ex-Colonel Alparslan Türkeş, who had trained in the United States for NATO, founded the Turkish Gladio Special Warfare Department, gained control of the conservative rural Republican Villagers Nation Party (Template:Lang-tr, CKMP). During an Extraordinary Great Congress held at Adana in Turkey on 1969, Türkeş changed the name of the party to the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and with the support of Dündar Taşer, a party logo depicting the three crescent was elected.[34]

The MHP embraced Turkish nationalism, and under the leadership of Türkeş, militias connected to the party were responsible for assassinating numerous left-wing intellectuals and academics, including some Kurds, during the 1970s.[35] The leader of the party's youth wing, known as the Grey Wolves after Turkic mythology, claimed that they had an intelligence organization that was superior to the state's own.[36]

On the other hand, MHP had links to the Aydınlar Ocağı (AO; "Hearth of Intellectuals"), a right-wing think tank launched in 1970 by established university professors, which served as a connecting link between secular-conservative, nationalist and Islamic rightists, promoting the ideology of Turkish-Islamic synthesis. AO's ideas, which have been compared to those of the French Nouvelle Droite, had a determining influence on MHP's programmes and served to lend the far-right party a more legitimate, respectable appearance.[37]

The MHP won enough seats in the 1973 and 1977 general election to take part in the "Nationalist Front" governments during the 1970s. The party infiltrated the bureaucracy during these governments during the height of the political violence between rightists and leftists. On May 27, 1980, the party's deputy leader and former government minister Gün Sazak was assassinated by members of the Marxist–Leninist militant group Revolutionary Left (Template:Lang-tr or Dev Sol) in front of his home.[38]

When the Turkish army seized power on September 12, 1980, in a violent coup d'état led by General Kenan Evren, the party was banned, along with all other active political parties at the time, and many of its leading members were imprisoned. Many party members joined the neoliberal Anavatan Partisi[citation needed] or various Islamist parties. Party member, Agah Oktay Güner, noted that the party's ideology was in power while its members were in prison.

Re-establishment

The party was reformed in 1983 under the name "Conservative Party" (Template:Lang-tr). After 1985, however, the name was changed to the "Nationalist Task Party" (Template:Lang-tr) then back again to its former name in 1992.[39][better source needed] In 1993, Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu and five other deputies separated and founded the Great Union Party, which is an Islamist party.[39]

Devlet Bahçeli

After Türkeş's death, Devlet Bahçeli was elected his successor. The party won 18% of the vote and 129 seats in the election that followed, in 1999, its best ever result. Bahçeli subsequently became Deputy Prime Minister after entering a coalition with the Democratic Left Party (DSP) and the Motherland Party (ANAP), though his calls for an early election resulted in the government's collapse in 2002. In the subsequent 2002 general election, the MHP fell below the 10% election threshold and lost all of its parliamentary representation after the newly formed Justice and Development Party (AKP) won a plurality.

After the 2007 general election, in which the MHP won back its parliamentary representation with 14.27% of the vote, the party has strongly opposed the peace negotiations between the government and the Kurdistan Workers Party and used to be fiercely critical of the governing AKP over government corruption and authoritarianism. Nevertheless, the MHP has often been referred to by critics as the "AKP's lifeline", having covertly helped the AKP in situations such as the 2007 presidential election, repealing the headscarf ban, and the June–July 2015 parliamentary speaker elections.[33] Since 2015, Bahçeli has been openly supporting Erdogan and the AKP. This caused a schism within the party, resulting in Meral Akşener leaving MHP to found the center-right İYİ Party. The MHP supported a 'Yes' vote in the 2017 referendum, and formed the People's Alliance electoral pact with the AKP for the 2018 Turkish general election.[40] MHP currently supports a minority government led by the AKP, and has 48 MPs in the Turkish Parliament.[41][42]

Ideology

Part of a series on
Neo-fascism
Fasces
Core ideas
Varieties
Origins
Literature
Movements, Organizations,
and Parties
People
History
Related topics
icon Politics portal

The MHP represents the Nine-Light doctrine, based on Turkish nationalism shaped by Islam. The MHP is widely described as a neo-fascist party[37][13][43] linked to extremist and violent militias,[44] as well as organized crime groups.[45] Since the 1990s it has, under the leadership of Devlet Bahçeli, gradually moderated its programme, turning from ethnic to cultural nationalism and conservatism and stressing the unitary nature of the Turkish state. Notably, it has moved from strict secularism to a more pro-Islamic stance, and has – at least in public statements – accepted the rules of parliamentary democracy. Some scholars[who?] doubt the sincerity and credibility of this turn and suspect the party of still pursuing a neo-fascist agenda behind a more moderate and pro-democratic façade. Nevertheless, MHP's mainstream overture has strongly increased its appeal to voters and it has grown to the country's third-strongest party,[46] continuously represented in the National Assembly since 2007 with voter shares well above the 10% threshold.

Opposition to the HDP

Flags of political parties before the Turkish municipal elections in Şile, Turkey. The most visible ones are MHP and AKP (Justice and Development Party) flags.

Due to their ideological differences, the MHP is strongly opposed to any form of dialogue with the left-wing pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), which Devlet Bahçeli has often opposed by voting against in Parliament. A notable example was in the June–July 2015 parliamentary speaker elections, where the MHP declared that they would not support any candidate and cast blank votes after the HDP announced support for the Republican People's Party (CHP) candidate Deniz Baykal. The MHP also ruled out any prospect of a coalition government that receives support from the HDP after the June 2015 general election resulted in a hung parliament, even rejecting CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu's offer of Bahçeli becoming Prime Minister in such a coalition.[47] MHP deputy leader Celal Adan claimed that 'even using our party's name in the same sentence as the HDP will be counted as cruelty by us.'[48]

In early September 2015, the MHP and the HDP both voted against the new interim election government ministers from taking their oaths of office, causing speculation of whether the MHP was dropping their harsh stance against the HDP.[49] However, Semih Yalçın downplayed any notions of an alliance between the two parties, stating that "a broken clock will still show the correct time once a day, the HDP can sometimes take a correct decision in Parliament. Showing this as a 'MHP-HDP coalition' is a deliberate diversion."[50] In 2021 Bahçeli has demanded the closure of the HDP in several speeches, a move that is considered un-democratic and authoritarian.[51][52]

Economic policies

During the June 2015 Turkish general election, the MHP announced a new economic manifesto. The MHP promised to improve the situation of Turkey's working poor by lifting taxes on diesel and fertiliser, raising the net minimum wage to $518, giving a $37 transportation subsidy to every minimum wage worker, and giving those who cannot afford a house an additional $92 per month in rental aid. The MHP said these policies would allow a minimum wage earner living in a big city to earn as much an extra $646 annually.

The MHP stated that their economic policies would create 700,000 jobs, increase the national income per person to $13.3K, and increase exports to $238 billion while keeping annual growth at 5.2 percent between 2016 and 2019, although this did not occur, as the GDP per capita and standard of living plummeted in Turkey from 12,614 USD in 2014 to 9,126 in 2019.[53][54][55]

Controversies

In July 2015, amidst a wave of protests against the Xinjiang conflict, MHP-affiliated Ülkücü attacked South Korean tourists on Istanbul's Sultanahmet Square.[56] In an interview with Turkish columnist Ahmet Hakan, MHP leader Devlet Bahçeli played the attacks down,[57] stating that "These are young kids. They may have been provoked. Plus, how are you going to differentiate between Korean and Chinese? They both have slanted eyes. Does it really matter?"[58] Bahceli's remarks, including a banner reading "We crave Chinese blood" at the Ülkücü Istanbul headquarters, caused an uproar in both Turkish and international media.[58]

Party leaders

# Leader
(birth–death) 		Portrait Constituency Took office Left office
1 Alparslan Türkeş
(1917–1997) 		Ankara (1965)
Adana (1969, 1973, 1977)
Yozgat (1991) 		8 February 1969 4 April 1997
– Muhittin Çolak (acting) 5 April 1997 6 July 1997
2 Devlet Bahçeli
(1948–)
Osmaniye (1999, 2007, 2011, Jun/Nov 2015, 2018) 		6 July 1997 Incumbent

Election results

General elections

Flags of political parties before the Turkish municipal elections in Şile, Istanbul, March 2009
The MHP holding its electoral rally in Ankara, May 2015
Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Election date Party leader Number of votes received Percentage of votes Number of deputies Position
1969 Alparslan Türkeş 274,225 3.02%
3 / 450
 Opposition
1973 362,208 3.38%
3 / 450
 Opposition
1977 951,544 6.42%
16 / 450
 Coalition government
1983 Party closed following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état and succeeded by the Nationalist Task Party (1985–93). MHP was re-established in 1993.
1987
1991
1995[59] Alparslan Türkeş 2,301,343 8.18%
0 / 550
 Extra-parliamentary opposition
1999[60] Devlet Bahçeli 5,606,634 17.98%
129 / 550
 Coalition government
2002[61] 2,629,808 8.35%
0 / 550
 Extra-parliamentary opposition
2007[62] 5,001,869 14.27%
71 / 550
 Opposition
2011[63] 5,585,513 13.01%
53 / 550
 Opposition
June 2015 7,516,480 16.29%
80 / 550
 Opposition
November 2015 5,599,600 11.90%
40 / 550
 Opposition
2018 5,565,331 11.10%
49 / 600
 Providing confidence and supply
2023 5,413,560 10.14%
50 / 600
 Providing confidence and supply

Senate elections

Senate of the Republic (1960–1980)
Election date Party leader Number of votes received Percentage of votes Number of senators
1973 Alparslan Türkeş 114,662 2.7%
0 / 52
1975 170,357 3.2%
0 / 54
1977 326,967 6.8%
0 / 50
1979 312,241 6.1%
1 / 50

Local elections

Election date Party leader Provincial council votes Percentage of votes Number of municipalities Map
1973 Alparslan Türkeş 133,089 1.33%
5 / 1,640
1977 819,136 6.62%
55 / 1,730
1984 Party closed following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état and succeeded by the Nationalist Task Party (1985–93). MHP was re-established in 1993.
1989
1994 Alparslan Türkeş 2,239,117 7.95%
118 / 2,710
1999 Devlet Bahçeli 5,401,597 17.17%
499 / 3,215
2004 3,372,249 10.45%
247 / 3,193
2009 6,386,279 15.97%
483 / 2,903
2014 7,399,119 17.82%
166 / 1,351
2019 3,209,416 7.46%
233 / 1,355
2024

See also

References

  1. ^ Martin, Augustus; Prager, Fynnwin (2019). "Part II: The Terrorists – Violent Ideologies: Terrorism From the Left and Right". Terrorism: An International Perspective. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 302. ISBN 9781526459954. LCCN 2018948259. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021. The Grey Wolves – The most prominent organization of the violent right wing in Turkey is the Grey Wolves. The Grey Wolves are named for a mythical she-wolf who led ancient Turks to freedom. Its wolf's-head symbol is displayed by MHP members and other nationalists. The Grey Wolves have been implicated in many attacks against leftists, Kurds, Muslim activists, and student organizations. They have also been implicated in attacks supporting the Turkish occupation of Cyprus. Mehmet Ali Ağca, who was convicted of shooting Pope John Paul II, was a former Grey Wolf.
  2. ^ Sánchez Amor, N. (25 May 2022). "Document A9-0149/2022: REPORT on the 2021 Commission Report on Turkey". Bruxelles: European Parliament. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. The European Parliament [...] is concerned by the attempts by the Turkish Government to influence members of the Turkish diaspora in the EU, such as through the Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB) and the Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs (DITIB), which could interfere with democratic processes in some Member States; remains worried that the racist right-wing extremist movement Ülkü Ocakları, also known as the Grey Wolves, which is closely linked to the ruling coalition Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), is spreading not only in Turkey but also in EU Member States; calls for the EU and its Member States to examine the possibility of banning their associations in EU countries; calls on the Member States to closely monitor the racist activities of this organisation and to fight back to curtail its influence;
  3. ^ Taspinar, Omer (2005). "The Kurdish Question in Turkish Politics". Kurdish Nationalism and Political Islam in Turkey: Kemalist Identity in Transition. Middle East Studies: History, Politics & Law. New York and London: Routledge. pp. 92–94. doi:10.4324/9780203327036. ISBN 9780415512848. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  4. ^ Naylor, R. T. (2006). "Striking Out! – Al-Qaida Cells in the Global Petrie Dish". Satanic Purses: Money, Myth, and Misinformation in the War on Terror. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press. p. 296. ISBN 9780773531505. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  5. ^ "Video shows Turkish police singing Grey Wolf march". Hürriyet Daily News. 25 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. The Grey Wolves, also commonly referred to as the Ülkü Ocakları (Idealist Hearths), are a youth organization with close links to the MHP. Alt URL Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi" (in Turkish). Court of Cassation. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  7. ^ Arman, Murat Necip (2007). "The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism". CEU Political Science Journal (2): 133–151.
  8. ^ Eissenstat, Howard. (November 2002). Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism. Middle East Studies Association Conference. Washington, D.C.
  9. ^ Tachau, Frank. (1963). "The Search for National Identity among the Turks". Die Welt des Islams. New Series. 8 (3): 165–176.
  10. ^ a b Cook, Steven A. (2012). "Recent History: The Rise of the Justice and Development Party". U.S.-Turkey Relations: A New Partnership to. Council on Foreign Relations: 52.
  11. ^ [7][8][9][10]
  12. ^ a b Arıkan, E. Burak (1999). The Programme of the Nationalist Action Party: An Iron Hand in a Velvet Glove?. Frank Cass. p. 122. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  13. ^ a b c Jacoby, Tim (2012). Fascism, Civility and the Crisis of the Turkish State. Routledge. p. 112. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b "Grey Wolves, Turkey's neo-fascist group that is banned in France |".
  15. ^ a b The Construction of Nationalist Politics in Turkey: The MHP: 1965-1980.
  16. ^ [12][13][14][15]
  17. ^ Turkish-Islamic Synthesis. Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5.
  18. ^ Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011). "The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era". I.B. Tauris: 56. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ Tocci, Nathalie (2012). "Turkey and the European Union". The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey. Routledge: 241.
  20. ^ Celep, Ödül (2010). "Turkey's Radical Right and the Kurdish Issue: The MHP's Reaction to the "Democratic Opening"". Insight Turkey. 12 (2).
  21. ^ Carkoglu, Ali (2004). Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics. Routledge. p. 127.
  22. ^ Farnen, Russell F., ed. (2004). Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Identity: Cross National and Comparative Perspectives. Transaction Secularism Publishers. p. 252. ISBN 9781412829366. ..the nationalist-fascist Turkish National Movement Party (MHP).
  23. ^ Abadan-Unat, Nermin (2011). Turks in Europe: From Guest Worker to Transnational Citizen. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 19. ISBN 9781845454258. ...the fascist Nationalist Movement Party...
  24. ^ "Euroscepticism: Party Ideology Meets Strategy".
  25. ^ Turkey Recent Economic and Political Developments Yearbook Volume 1 - Strategic Information and Developments. P.46. Published in July 2015 and updated annually. International Business Publications, Washington, USA. Accessed via Google books. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  26. ^ Global Turkey in Europe II. Energy, Migration, Civil Society and Citizenship Issues in Turkey-EU Relations. p.180. First published by Edizioni Nuova Cultura in 2014. Published in Rome, Italy. Accessed via Google books. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  27. ^ Turkish far right on the rise. The Independent. Author - Justin Huggler. Published 19 April 1999. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  28. ^ "Turkey election: Victorious Erdogan pledges 'consensus'". BBC News. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  29. ^ "Turkey's Erdogan wins election". RTÉ. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  30. ^ Uras, Umut (29 March 2019). "New test for Erdogan: What's at stake in Turkish local elections?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  31. ^ [25][26][27][28][29][30]
  32. ^ "Biz Kimiz? – Ahmet Şefki Kuzulu - Ülkü Ocakları Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı". Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  33. ^ a b "Levent Gök: MHP'nin, AKP'ye can simidi olduğuna herkes tanık oldu". Sol. 30 July 2015.
  34. ^ Uzer, Umut (2016). An Intellectual History of Turkish Nationalism: Between Turkish Ethnicity and Islamic Identity. University of Utah Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-60781-465-8.
  35. ^ Desmond Fernandes and Iskender Ozden (Spring 2001). "United States and NATO inspired 'psychological warfare operations' against the 'Kurdish communist threat' in Turkey" (PDF). Variant. 2 (12): 10–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009.
  36. ^ Değer, M. Emin (1978). CIA, Kontrgerilla ve Türkiye (in Turkish). Ankara: Kendi Yayını. p. 119. MHP lideri Türkeş, Ülkü Ocaklarını meşru müdafaa yaptığını söyler. Ülkü Ocakları Genel Başkanı da, 'bizim istihbarat örgütümüz devletin örgütünden güçlüdür' demektedir. Quoted in "Susurluk'ta bütün yollar, devlete uğrayarak CIA'ya çıkar". Kurtuluş Yolu (in Turkish). 4 (39). 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  37. ^ a b Arıkan, E. Burak (1999). The Programme of the Nationalist Action Party: An Iron Hand in a Velvet Glove?. Frank Cass. pp. 122–125. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "MİT'ten 1 Mayıs ve Gün Sazak yanıtı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 16 January 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  39. ^ a b "Tarihçe". Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  40. ^ "Erdogan's AKP says to ally with nationalists for 2019 elections". Reuters. 21 February 2018.
  41. ^ "THE RESTRICTIVE IMPACT OF PARTY IDEOLOGY ON PARTY STRATEGY: Turkey's radical right the Nationalist Movement Party after June 2015 Elections. By: Mustafa Çağatay".
  42. ^ Minute, Turkish (29 January 2022). "Turkey's opposition bloc leaves AKP-MHP alliance behind: MetroPoll - Turkish Minute".
  43. ^ [12][13][14][15]
  44. ^ Sullivan, Colleen (2011). Grey Wolves (Second ed.). Sage. p. 236. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  45. ^ Avcı, Gamze (1 September 2011). "The Nationalist Movement Party's Euroscepticism: Party Ideology Meets Strategy". South European Society and Politics. 16 (3): 435–447. doi:10.1080/13608746.2011.598359. S2CID 154513216 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  46. ^ Davies, Peter; Jackson, Paul (2008). The Far Right in Europe: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p. 358.
  47. ^ "Kılıçdaroğlu'ndan Bahçeli'ye: AKP'nin koltuk değnekçisi!". T24.
  48. ^ "'Partimiz ile HDP'nin aynı cümle içinde kullanılmasını bile zul sayarız'". Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  49. ^ "CHP, MHP ve HDP aynı oyu verdi, TBMM'de yemin krizi çıktı". Radikal.
  50. ^ "MHP'den HDP ile ilgili 'ittifak' açıklaması - Yeni Akit". www.yeniakit.com.tr.
  51. ^ "Bahçeli urges constitutional changes in repeated call for pro-Kurdish HDP closure". Ahval. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  52. ^ "Turkey's Opposition HDP Faces Ban | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  53. ^ "GDP per capita (Current US$) - Turkey | Data".
  54. ^ Ercan Uygur (2010). "The global crisis and the Turkish economy". Econ Journal Watch (3). hdl:10419/81736.
  55. ^ Leezenberg, Michiel (2016). "The ambiguities of democratic autonomy: The Kurdish movement in Turkey and Rojava". Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 16 (4): 671–690. doi:10.1080/14683857.2016.1246529. S2CID 151880489.
  56. ^ "Koreans and Chinese 'both have slanted eyes,' Turkey's nationalist leader says over attacks on tourists". Hürriyet Daily News. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  57. ^ Ahmet Hakan (8 July 2015). "Koreans and Chinese 'both have slanted eyes,' Turkey's nationalist leader says over attacks on tourists". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  58. ^ a b Pinar Tremblay (20 July 2015). "Attacks on Chinese escalate in Turkey". Al Monitor. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  59. ^ "TÜRKİYE SEÇİMLERİ - Milletvekili Genel". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  60. ^ "TÜRKİYE SEÇİMLERİ - Milletvekili Genel". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  61. ^ "TÜRKİYE SEÇİMLERİ - Milletvekili Genel". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  62. ^ "TÜRKİYE SEÇİMLERİ - Milletvekili Genel". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  63. ^ T.C. Yüksek Seçim Kurulu Başkanlığı (Supreme Election Board) (22 June 2011). "Karar No 1070 (Decision No. 1070)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2014.

Further reading

  • Arıkan, E. Burak (1999). The Programme of the Nationalist Action Party: An Iron Hand in a Velvet Glove?. Frank Cass. pp. 120–134. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Arıkan, Ekin Burak (2012). Turkish extreme right in office: whither democracy and democratization?. Routledge. pp. 225–238. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Başkan, Filiz (January 2006). "Globalization and Nationalism: The Nationalist Action Party of Turkey". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 12 (1): 83–105. doi:10.1080/13537110500503877. S2CID 145620087.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nationalist Movement Party.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_Movement_Party&oldid=1190008005"