Czech alexandrine
Czech alexandrine (in Czech český alexandrín) is a verse form found in Czech poetry of the 20th century.[1] It is a metre based on French alexandrine.[2][3] The most important features of the pattern are number of syllables (twelve or thirteen) and a caesura after the sixth syllable. It is an unusual metre, exhibiting characteristics of both syllabic and syllabotonic (accentual-syllabic) metre. Thus it occupies a transitional position between syllabic and accentual patterns of European versification. It stands out from the background of modern Czech versification, which is modeled chiefly after German practice.
The Czech alexandrine is also metrically ambiguous because of its accentuation, which can reflect the rhythms of iambic hexameter, dactylic tetrameter, and combinations thereof.[4] Compared with iambic hexameter and dactylic tetrameter, the Czech alexandrine preserves all constants between the two, and allows the rhythms of either to emerge:
iambic hexameter: s S s S s S | s S s S s S (s) dactylic tetrameter: S s s S s s | S s s S s s (s) Czech alexandrine: o o s S s o | o o s S s o (s) S=stressed syllable; s=unstressed syllable; o=either.
The Czech alexandrine allows these two rhythms run parallel to each other;[5] sometimes the first is stronger, other times the second.
In the Czech language the first syllable of every lexical word or prepositional phrase is always stressed, so rhythmical units are: s, S, Ss, Sss, Ssss. A great advantage of the Czech alexandrine is that it can be built of any words (or phrases). A half-line can be composed of 1-syllable words (stressed or unstressed), 2-syllable words, 3-syllable words, and 4-syllable words. Possible combinations in the first half-line (with | separating words) include: s|Ss|Ss|S, s|Ss|Sss, Sss|Ss|S, Sss|Sss — for the second half-line: s|Ss|Ss|S, s|Ss|Sss, Sss|Ss|S, Sss|Sss, s|Ss|Ss|Ss, Sss|SsSs, s|Ss|Ssss, Sss|Ssss. Czech poets usually use both masculine and feminine alexandrine lines, but sometimes they choose to apply only one kind.
The first poet to use the Czech alexandrine (in his 1836 poem "Máj") was Karel Hynek Mácha, considered the greatest Czech poet. Although the discussed metre was theoretically fully iambic, he inserted many trisyllabic words into his lines:
S s s S s s | S s s S s S V jezeru zeleném bílý je ptáků sbor, s S s S s S |s S s S s s s a lehkých člůnků běh i rychlé veslování
The variation in rhythms can be heard in a formally equivalent paraphrase:
V jezeru zeleném bílý je ptáků sbor, |
Emerald, ivory: pelicans flock the lake |
"Hrál kdosi na hoboj" ("Somebody played oboe") by Karel Hlaváček is a short poem in Czech alexandrines:
Hrál kdosi na hoboj, a hrál již kolik dní,
hrál vždycky navečer touž píseň mollovou
a ani nerozžal si oheň pobřežní,
neb všecky ohně prý tu zhasnou, uplovou.
Hrál dlouze na hoboj, v tmách na pobřeží, v tmách,
na plochém pobřeží, kde nikdo nepřistál:
Hrál pro svou Lhostejnost, či hrál spíš pro svůj Strach?
Byl tichý Pastevec, či vyděděný Král?
Hrál smutně na hoboj. Vzduch zhluboka se chvěl
pod písní váhavou a jemnou, mollovou…
A od vod teskně zpět mu hoboj vlhkem zněl:
Jsou ohně marny, jsou, vždy zhasnou, uplovou.[7]
Many poets used the Czech alexandrine in the 20th century, both in original works and in translations. Among them there were Vítězslav Nezval, Jiří Orten, Ivan Blatný, Vladimír Holan and Oldřich Vyhlídal.
The caesura formula is a good base for enjambment. Sometimes a sentence runs from caesura to next caesura, as in "The Seventh Elegy" by Jiří Orten:[8]
Píši vám, Karino, a nevím, zda jste živa,
zda nejste nyní tam, kde se už netoužívá,
zda zatím neskonal váš nebezpečný věk.
Jste mrtva? Poproste tedy svůj náhrobek,
aby se nadlehčil. Poproste růže, paní,
aby se zavřely. Poproste rozpadání,
aby vám přečetlo list o mém rozpadu.[9]
See also
Notes
- ^ Wiktor Jarosław Darasz,Mały przewodnik po wierszu polskim, Kraków 2003, p. 61 (in Polish).
- ^ Jacek Baluch, Piotr Gierowski, Czesko-polski słownik terminów literackich, Kraków 2016, p. 37 (in Polish).
- ^ For more about the French alexandrin, see Roy Lewis, On Reading French Verse. A study of Poetic Form. Oxford 1982, pp.43-69.
- ^ Jerzy (Jiří) Levý, W sprawie ścisłych metod analizy wiersza, [in:] Poetyka i matematyka. Edited by Maria Renata Mayenowa, Warszawa 1965, p. 40 (in Polish)
- ^ Compare: Josef Brukner, Jiří Filip, Poetický slovník, Praha 1997, p.18 (in Czech).
- ^ Karel Hynek Mácha: Máj ("May"), Part 3, lines 20-21.
- ^ Karel Hlaváček, "Hrál kdosi na hoboj".
- ^ Wiktor Jarosław Darasz, Jiří Orten - poeta formy kunsztownej, Pamiętnik Słowiański, XLIX, 1999, p. 79.
- ^ Jiří Orten, "Sedmá elegie", lines 1-7.
Further reading
- Jacek Baluch, Norma i konwencja translatorska jako kryterium oceny przekładu, [in:] Z teorii i historii przekładu artystycznego, Kraków 1974, p.37-46.
- Miroslav Červenka, Český alexandrin, Česká literatura 41, 1993, no. 5, pp. 459–513 (in Czech).
- Miroslav Červenka, О semantyce czeskiego aleksandrynu, [in:] Wiersz i poezja,. Ossolineum, Wrocław 1966, pp. 21-32.
- Miroslav Červenka, Květa Sgallová, Petr Kaiser, Hlavní česká přízvučná metra v 19. století,[in:] Słowiańska metryka porównawcza VI. Europejskie wzorce metryczne w literaturach słowiańskich, Warszawa 1995, pp. 75–144.
- Robert Ibrahim, Český alexandrín jako náhrada řeckého a latinského hexametru a pentametru, http://versologie.cz/pdf/studie/ri2009.pdf.