Río Grande de Santiago
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| Río Grande de Santiago | |
|---|---|
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 Major rivers of Mexico, with Grande de Santiago (labelled Rio Santiago) in west–center | |
| Location | |
| Country | Mexico |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Lake Chapala |
| Mouth | |
• location | Pacific Ocean at San Blas / Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit |
• coordinates | 21°37′41″N 105°26′52″W / 21.62806°N 105.44778°W |
| Length | 433 km (269 mi) |
| Basin size | 136,628 square kilometres (52,752 sq mi)[1] |
| Discharge | |
| • average | Average: 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) Maximum: 2,113 cubic metres per second (74,600 cu ft/s) Minimum: 29.5 cubic metres per second (1,040 cu ft/s) [2] |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • right | Río Verde, Juchipila River, Bolaños River, Huaynamota River, Mololoa River |
The Grande de Santiago River (Template:Lang-es)[3] is one of the longest rivers in Mexico, measuring up 433 km (269 mi) long. The river begins at Lake Chapala and continues roughly north-west through the Sierra Madre Occidental, receiving the Verde, Juchipila, Bolaños, and other tributaries. At La Yesca, the La Yesca Dam was completed in 2012 and the El Cajón Dam was completed downstream in 2007. Below El Cajón, the Aguamilpa Dam was completed in 1993, creating a reservoir covering a large part of the territory of the municipality of El Nayar in Nayarit. From Aguamilpa, the river descends to the coastal lowlands, passing by Santiago Ixcuintla and empties into the Pacific Ocean, 16 km (10 mi) northwest of San Blas, in Nayarit. The river is viewed by some sources as a continuation of the Lerma River, which flows into Lake Chapala.
Mexico possesses a small percentage of the world's freshwater reserve, 0.1%. According to an article named Water use (and abuse) and its effects on the crater-lakes of Valle de Santiago, Mexico “most Mexican lakes are in an advanced state of desiccation or senescence, with volumes and surface area greatly reduced because of human activities”.[4] Some examples of these damaging activities are wood cutting, inflow diversion for agriculture, groundwater over extraction, pollution and eutrophication. Together Rio Lerma Santiago is a little over 600 miles long, but alone Rio Santiago is reported to be 269 miles long. It is an extension of the Lerma River, which at 466 miles long it is one of Mexico's longest rivers. The water begins in the Mexican Plateau in Mexico City. Then travels westward and goes through the Lerma River, and empties in Lake Chapala, near Guadalajara. From there the water flows southward through Rio Santiago and dissipates to the Pacific Ocean near San Blas, in Nayarit. The river passes by Ocotlán, Poncitlán, Atequiza, Atotonilquillo, Juanacatlán, El Salto, Tonalá among other places.[5]
Pollution
Less than fifty years ago the river was a place to fish, bathe, and swim.[citation needed] It is now a river full of pollutants. The Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA) found over a thousand different chemicals in the main channel and its tributaries. These substances included semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds, such as phthalates (hormonal disruptors), phenols (compounds that affect neuronal development), toluene (a neurotoxin), and carcinogenic flame retardants.[6] This river is one of the most polluted in Mexico.[citation needed]
In February 2008 an eight-year-old boy, Miguel Angel Lopez Rocha, died after he fell into the river.[7] Rocha fell near the El Salto Falls. He died nineteen days later. His autopsy indicated heavy metal poison was the reason for his death. This brought attention to the severe contamination of the river. After this unfortunate incident the local community organized a group called "Un Salto de Vida" ("A Leap for Life"), which sponsored the second National Assembly on Environmental Impacts held in El Salto in May 2009.[5][8][9]
See also
References
- ^ "Rio Grande de Santiago Watershed". Watersheds of the World: North and Central America. World Resources Institute – EarthTrends. 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ^ "Santiago Discharge near El Capomal". River Discharge Database. Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment. 1965–1981. Archived from the original on 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ^ Río Grande de Santiago (Approved - N at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- ^ Alcocer, Javier; Escobar, Elva; Lugo, Alfonso. "Water use (and abuse) and its effects on the crater-lakes of Valle de Santiago, Mexico". ResearchGate.net. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- ^ a b González, Paulina Martinez; Hernández, Eduardo (2009). "Impactos de la contaminación del Río Santiago en el bienestar de los habitantes de El Salto, Jalisco / Impacts from Contamination of the Santiago River on the Well-being of the Inhabitants of El Salto, Jalisco" (PDF). Espacio Abierto Cuaderno Venezolano de Sociología. 18 (4): 708–729, page 711.
- ^ Enciso L., Angelica (25 March 2013). "Muerte lenta del río Santiago por contaminación". La Jornada. Mexico City. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. citing the report "Actualización del estudio de calidad del agua del río Santiago"
- ^ González & Hernández 2009, p. 713
- ^ Alcocer, Javier, Elva Escobar, and Alfonso Lugo. "Water Use (And Abuse) and Its Effects on the Crater‐lakes of Valle De Santiago, Mexico." Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 5.3 (2000): 145-149.
- ^ Gómez-Balandra, María Antonieta, Edmundo Díaz-Pardo, and Altagracia Gutiérrez-Hernández. "Composición De La Comunidad íctica De La Cuenca Del Río Santiago, México, Durante Su Desarrollo Hidráulico Fish Community Composition of the Santiago River Basin, Mexico, During Its Hydraulic Development." Hidrobiológica, 22.1 (2012): 62-78.