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Magnesium citrate

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Magnesium citrate
Names
IUPAC name
Magnesium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.121.319 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 231-923-9
  • InChI=1S/2C6H8O7.3Mg/c2*7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h2*13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;;3*+2/p-6 checkY
    Key: PLSARIKBYIPYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-H checkY
  • C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)[O-])(C(=O)[O-])O.[Mg+2]
Properties
C6H6MgO7
Molar mass 214.412 g·mol−1
20 g/100ml
Pharmacology
A06AD19 (WHO) A12CC04 (WHO), B05CB03 (WHO)
Related compounds
Related salts
 Magnesium citrate (3:2)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Magnesium citrate is a magnesium preparation in salt form with citric acid in a 1:1 ratio (1 magnesium atom per citrate molecule). The name "magnesium citrate" is ambiguous and sometimes may refer to other salts such as trimagnesium citrate which has a magnesium:citrate ratio of 3:2.

Magnesium citrate is used medicinally as a saline laxative and to completely empty the bowel prior to a major surgery or colonoscopy. It is available without a prescription, both as a generic and under various brand names. It is also used in the pill form as a magnesium dietary supplement. It contains 11.23% magnesium by weight. Compared to trimagnesium citrate, it is much more water-soluble, less alkaline, and contains less magnesium.

As a food additive, magnesium citrate is used to regulate acidity and is known as E number E345.

Mechanism of action

Magnesium citrate works by attracting water through the tissues by a process known as osmosis. Once in the intestine, it can attract enough water into the intestine to induce defecation. The additional water stimulates bowel motility. This means it can also be used to treat rectal and colon problems. Magnesium citrate functions best on an empty stomach, and should always be followed with a full (eight ounce or 250 ml) glass of water or juice to help the magnesium citrate absorb properly and help prevent any complications. Magnesium citrate solutions generally produce bowel movement in one half to three hours.[1]

Use and dosage

The maximum upper tolerance limit (UTL) for magnesium in supplement form for adults is 350 mg of elemental magnesium per day, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH).[2] In addition, according to the NIH, total dietary requirements for magnesium from all sources (i.e., food and supplements) is 320–420 mg of elemental magnesium per day, though there is no UT for dietary magnesium.

As a laxative syrup with a concentration of 1.745 g of magnesium citrate per fluid ounce, a typical dose for adults and children twelve years or older is between 7 and 10 US fluid ounces (210 and 300 ml; 7.3 and 10.4 imp fl oz), followed immediately with a full 8 US fluid ounces (240 ml; 8.3 imp fl oz) glass of water. Consuming an adult dose of 10 oz of laxative syrup (@ 1.745 g/oz) implies a consumption of 17.45 g of magnesium citrate in a single 10 oz dose resulting in a consumption of approximately 2.0 g of elemental magnesium per single dose. This laxative dose contains five times the recommended nutritional dose for children. Magnesium citrate is not recommended for use in children and infants two years of age or less.[3]

Although less common, as a magnesium supplement the citrate form is sometimes used because it is believed to be more bioavailable than other common pill forms, such as magnesium oxide.[4][citation needed] However, according to one study, magnesium gluconate is marginally more bioavailable than magnesium citrate.[5]

Magnesium citrate, as a supplement in pill form, is useful for the prevention of kidney stones.[6]

Side effects

Magnesium citrate is generally not a harmful substance, but care should be taken by consulting a healthcare professional if any adverse health problems are suspected or experienced. Extreme magnesium overdose can result in serious complications such as slow heart beat, low blood pressure, nausea, drowsiness, etc. If severe enough, an overdose can even result in coma or death.[7] However, a moderate overdose will be excreted through the kidneys, unless one has serious kidney problems. Rectal bleeding or failure to have a bowel movement after use could be signs of a serious condition.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Magnesium Citrate". WebMD. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  2. ^ Magnesium. Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). National Institutes of Health (NIH).
  3. ^ "magnesium_citrate-oral" at medicinenet.com
  4. ^ Schuchardt, Jan Philipp; Hahn, Andreas (2017). "Intestinal Absorption and Factors Influencing Bioavailability of Magnesium- An Update". Current Nutrition & Food Science. 4: 260–278. doi:10.2174/1573401313666170427162740. PMC 5652077. PMID 29123461 – via Bentham Science.
  5. ^ Coudray, C; Rambeau, M; Feillet-Coudray, C; Gueux, E; Tressol, JC; Mazur, A; Rayssiguier, Y (December 2005). "Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach". Magnes Res. 18 (4): 215–23. PMID 16548135.
  6. ^ Ettinger, B; Pak, CY; Citron, JT; Thomas, C; Adams-Huet, B; Vangessel, A (December 1997). "Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". J Urol. 158 (6): 2069–73. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)68155-2. PMID 9366314.
  7. ^ magnesium citrate. Cerner Multum. Drugs.com. 12 April 2009.

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