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Steatoda nobilis

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Steatoda nobilis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Theridiidae
Genus: Steatoda
Species:
S. nobilis
Binomial name
Steatoda nobilis
(Thorell, 1875)

Steatoda nobilis is a spider in the genus Steatoda, known in the United Kingdom as the noble false widow[1][2] and often referred to as the false widow.[a] As the common name indicates, the spider superficially resembles and is frequently confused for the black widow and other spiders in the genus Latrodectus, which can have medically significant venom. Steatoda nobilis is native to Madeira and the Canary Islands from where it allegedly spread to Europe,[3] and arrived in England before 1879, perhaps through cargo sent to Torquay.[4] In England it has a reputation as one of the few local spider species which is capable of inflicting a painful bite to humans,[5] with most bites resulting in symptoms similar to a bee or wasp sting.[6] It has also been found in California and Chile.

Description

Steatoda nobilis has a brown bulbous abdomen with cream coloured markings that are often likened to the shape of a skull.[7] The legs are reddish-orange.[8] Females range in size from about 9.5 to 14 mm in size, while males are 7 to 11 mm.[1] Males are able to produce stridulation sounds during courtship[citation needed], by scraping 10-12 teeth on the abdomen against a file on the rear of the carapace.

Male with swollen pedipalps

Distribution, habitat and ecology

The spider is an introduced species across Europe, plus parts of North Africa, and likely spreading. It was found for the first time in 2011 in Cologne, Germany.[9] It is originally from the Canary Islands and Madeira.[10] In England it has been reported mostly in southern counties,[11][12] but its range appears to be expanding northwards.[13] In 2011, the spider was reported as an established invasive species in the USA, in Ventura County, California.[14] In January 2016, it was reported that Steatoda nobilis had been found in Chile, the first time that the species had been recorded in the southern hemisphere.[15][16] Research published in December 2018 showed that it was also established in Colombia and Ecuador.[17]

As with other members of the family Theridiidae, Steatoda nobilis constructs a cobweb which is an irregular tangle of sticky silken fibres. Its 'scaffold web' differs from others of the genus in the exceptional strength of the silk, and in the tubular retreat that is at least partly concealed in a deep crack or hole.[12] They have poor eyesight and depend mostly on vibrations reaching them through their webs to orient themselves to prey or warn them of larger animals that could injure or kill them.

Population expansion in UK and Ireland

Steatoda nobilis, Hampshire, England

The distribution of Steatoda nobilis is expected to increase northwards in the UK, due to, at least partly, mild winters in recent years. This prediction was reported by Stuart Hine of the Natural History Museum,[18] and is substantiated by the National Recording Scheme.[12]

The spider is reported to be an established species in Ireland.[19] The first recorded sighting of the species occurred in the east of Ireland in Bray, Co. Wicklow in 1997.[20]

Medical significance

Female of Steatoda nobilis in Hampshire

Like almost all spiders, Steatoda nobilis is venomous, but its bite is almost exclusively of mild effect on humans, without the severe consequences that can occur with black widow spiders. It is often alleged to be one of the spiders whose bite involves venom medically significant for humans, even though the few recorded bites do not typically present long-lasting effects. The symptoms of a bite are typically similar to a bee or wasp sting.[8] The bite of this spider, along with others in the genus Steatoda, can produce a set of symptoms known as steatodism. Symptoms of bites include intense pain radiating from the bite site, along with feverishness or general malaise.[21] Male bites are less severe than those of females.[16]

Media reaction

Sensationalised stories about the bite of Steatoda nobilis have featured in UK newspaper articles.[22][23] Stuart Hine from the Natural History Museum, London responded on the naturenet blog, stating, "Of course I also explain the great value of spiders and how rare the event of spider bite in the UK actually is. I also always explain that up to 12 people die from wasp/bee stings in the UK each year and we do not panic so much about wasps and bees – but this never makes it past editing." [18] Steven Falk, an entomologist, cautioned that without "hard evidence", it is difficult to know how many of the bites reported in the media have been caused by false widow spiders.[24] The arrival of Steatoda nobilis in Chile in 2016 led to a similar media reaction.[25]

Alleged incidents

  • In 2006 a Dorchester man spent three days in Dorset County Hospital with symptoms of heart seizure, after suffering a spider bite believed to be caused by Steatoda nobilis.[5]
  • In 2013 a man in Sidcup, Kent was allegedly bitten in his sleep, reporting that his hand had turned black and yellow. His hand remained swollen for five weeks until doctors gave him a course of antibiotics.[26]
  • In October 2013, it was reported that a man from Romford in London had been allegedly bitten by a false widow. He was treated for bacterial infection with antibiotics and needed to have his leg drained of pus.[27]
  • In October 2013, a British school in the Forest of Dean was closed for a day for fumigation as a result of a dense population of Steatoda nobilis on the site.[28]
  • In 2014, a woman from County Durham had her left index finger amputated after contracting the flesh-eating bug necrotising fasciitis following a claimed bite from a false widow spider.[29][30]
  • In October 2014, an Irish man went into cardiac arrest and spent a day in intensive care after being bitten three times by what was claimed as a false widow, on the hip, side and shoulder.[31]
  • In October 2018 four east London schools were closed due to false widow spider infestations.[32]
  • In September 2019, it was reported that a man in Southampton was bitten while he slept, and left "barely able to walk".[33]

Notes

a. ^ The full English name for Steatoda nobilis is "noble false widow". Media coverage usually abbreviates this to "false widow", although Steatoda nobilis is only one of the false widows. Steatoda grossa[34] and Steatoda paykulliana[35] are other examples of false widow spiders.

References

  1. ^ a b Snazell, R.; Jones, D. (1993). "The theridiid spider Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) in Britain". Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 9 (5): 164–167. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Jones, D. (1993). "The Return of Steatoda nobilis (Thorell)". Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society. 49: 7–8.
  3. ^ Kulczycki, A., Legittimo, C.M., Simeon, E. and Di Pompeo, P. (2012). "New records of Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Araneae, Theridiidae), an introduced species on the Italian mainland and in Sardinia". Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 15 (8): 269–272. doi:10.13156/arac.2012.15.1.269.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Octavius Pickard-Cambridge (1879). "On some new and rare British spiders, with characters of a new genus". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 5 (4): 109–215.
  5. ^ a b David Sapsted (17 November 2006). "Watch out, the black widow's sister is ready to bite you". Daily Telegraph. London.
  6. ^ "False widow spider, Steatoda nobilis". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  7. ^ Sebastian Salek (24 September 2013). "More sightings of the false widow spider, as Britain's 'most venomous arachnid', with orange legs and white skull markings spotted in Essex". The Independent. London.
  8. ^ a b "Noble false widow spider marches north in the UK". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  9. ^ "Observation by C Wieczorrek". 15 December 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  10. ^ "World Distribution Map of S. Nobilis". British Arachnological Society. Sep–Oct 2012. Retrieved 22 Nov 2012.
  11. ^ Harvey, P.R.; Nellist, D.R.; M.G. Telfer, eds. (2002). Provisional Atlas of British spiders (Arachnida, Araneae). Vol. 1 &2. Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre.
  12. ^ a b c "Summary for Steatoda nobilis (Araneae)". British Arachnological Society: National Recording Scheme. 2010–2012. Retrieved 22 Nov 2012.
  13. ^ "Biting spider widens its web". BBC News. 2001-09-21.
  14. ^ "European Spider, Steatoda nobilis Theridiidae". University of California, Riverside. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  15. ^ "Steatoda nobilis (Araneae: Theridiidae) in South America: a new alien species for Chile". 26 January 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  16. ^ a b "Primer registro de una mordedura de Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Arachnida: Araneae: Theridiidae) en Chile (First record of a Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Arachnida: Araneae: Theridiidae) bite from Chile)" (in Spanish). 21 March 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  17. ^ "(PDF) NUEVOS REGISTROS DE STEATODA NOBILIS (THORELL, 1875) (ARANEAE: THERIDIIDAE) DE SUDAMÉRICA". Researchgate.net. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  18. ^ a b "The Ranger's Blog: The truth about Steatoda nobilis - is it the UK's most dangerous spider?". 2 May 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  19. ^ "Poisonous false widow spiders spread across Ireland". Irish Independent. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  20. ^ "False Widow spider: What to do if you find one, how to get rid of them and what to do if you've been bitten". independent. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  21. ^ Warrell, D.A., Shaheen, J., Hillyard, P. D. & D. Jones (1991). "Neurotoxic envenoming by an immigrant spider (Steatoda nobilis) in southern England". Toxicon. 29 (10): 1263–1265. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(91)90198-Z. PMID 1801319.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Williams, Rob (17 October 2013). "Killer spiders on the loose! (or not really) - a guide to the really quite harmless false widow". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  23. ^ "False widow spiders aren't out to get us – and their bite isn't dangerous". The Guardian. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  24. ^ "False widow spider bites footballer Steve Harris". BBC News. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  25. ^ "Faúndez, E.I, & Téllez, F. (2016). Considerations about Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) in Chile. Biodiversity And Natural History, 2(1), 13-15" (in Spanish). 22 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  26. ^ Salek, Sebastian (19 September 2013). "Bites reported across London and Kent as south east sees influx of Britain's most poisonous spider". The Independent. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  27. ^ "Collier Row dad faced losing leg after false widow spider bite". Romford Recorder. 11 October 2013.
  28. ^ "False widow spider outbreak shuts Forest of Dean school". BBC News. 22 October 2013.
  29. ^ "Woman 'loses finger after being bitten by a spider'". Sunderland Echo. 29 September 2014.
  30. ^ "County Durham mum loses finger after spider bite causes flesh-eating bug". ChronicleLive. 29 September 2014.
  31. ^ "A young father-of-one has told how he almost died when he was attacked and bitten by a lethal false widow spider". Irish Independent. 1 October 2014.
  32. ^ "False widow spider infestations close four east London schools". Guardian. 4 October 2018.
  33. ^ "Lewis, 26, suffers severe bites from spider infestation at Canberra Towers". Southern Daily Echo. 2019-09-10. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
  34. ^ The truth about false widow spiders Natural History Museum.
  35. ^ False widow spider, Steatoda paykulliana Natural History Museum.
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