Arcaicam Esperantom
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| Arkaika Esperanto | |
|---|---|
| Arcaicam Esperantom | |
| Created by | Manuel Halvelik |
| Date | around 1969 |
| Users | not applicable (but same as Esperanto readers) |
| Purpose | Constructed language
|
| Latin | |
| Signuno | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
| Part of a series on |
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Arcaicam Esperantom (Template:Lang-en; Template:Lang-eo), is an auxiliary sociolect for translating literature into Esperanto created to act as a fictional 'Old Esperanto', in the vein of languages such as Middle English or the use of Latin citations in modern texts.
It was created by Manuel Halvelik as part of a range of stylistic variants including Gavaro (slang) and Popido (patois), forming "Serio <La Sociolekta Triopo>".
Halvelik also compiled a scientific vocabulary closer to Greco-Latin roots and proposed its application to fields such as taxonomy and linguistics. He gave this register to Esperanto the name Uniespo (Uniëspo, Universala Esperanto, "Universal Esperanto").[1]
The idea of an "old Esperanto" was proposed by the Hungarian poet Kalman Kalocsay[2] who in 1931 included a translation of the Funeral Sermon and Prayer, the first Hungarian text (12th century), with hypothetic forms as if Esperanto were a Romance language deriving from Vulgar Latin.
La Sociolekta Triopo
La Sociolekta Triopo (The sociolect triple) does not create new Esperantidos (e.g. Esperanto II), but its sole purpose - including "Arcaicam Esperantom" - is to reflect styles in literature translated into Esperanto, like the Berlin Middle-German dialect spoken by characters in Carl Zuckmayers "Captain of Köpenick" (Popido), or ancient styles in Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (Arkaika Esperanto).[3]
"La Sociolekta Triopo" thus constitutes not three new "constructed languages", but "constructed auxiliary sociolects for Esperanto", understandable by every reader of Esperanto but still providing the stylistical differences between dialects (Popido), slang (Gavaro), and ancient forms contrasting with "Fundamento", standard Esperanto, e.g. in works of Mark Twain (slang and southern dialect) or Lord of the Rings (Arĥaika Esperanto for the elves, Popido for the Hobbits).
Differences from Esperanto
Spelling
- c becomes tz
- ĉ becomes ch
- f becomes ph
- g before e, i becomes gu
- ĝ becomes gh
- ĥ becomes qh
- j becomes y
- ĵ becomes zh
- k becomes qu (before e, i) or c (before other letters)
- ŝ becomes sh
- ŭ becomes ù (but see below regarding -aŭ adverbs)
- v becomes w
- diphthongs:
- aŭ becomes aù (but see below regarding -aŭ adverbs)
- eŭ becomes eù
- consonant clusters:
- dz becomes zz
- ks becomes x
- kv becomes cù
Pronouns
- mi becomes mihi
- ci becomes tu
- li becomes lùi
- ŝi becomes eshi
- ĝi becomes eghi
- si becomes sihi
- ni becomes nos
- vi becomes wos
- ili becomes ilùi
- There is an old pronoun egui which is a personal, sex-neutral pronoun (utrum). Its intended use is for referring to deities, angels, animals etc.
Verbs
- The infinitive ends in -ir, rather than in the -i of modern Esperanto. Ex.: fari becomes pharir.
- The verb endings change according to the subject. So it is not necessary to write the subject pronoun, where there is no ambiguity.
Ex: The modern Esperanto verb esti (to be), present tense:
- mi/ci/li/ŝi/ĝi/si/ni/vi/ili estas
The Arcaicam Esperantom verb estir (to be), present tense:
- (mihi) estams
- (tu) estas
- (lùi/eshi/eghi/egui/sihi) estat
- (nos) estaims
- (wos) estais
- (ilùi) estait
The other verb tenses behave the same way, as does the conditional mood:
- The future-tense conjugation estos becomes estoms, etc.
- The past-tense conjugation estis becomes estims, etc.
- The conditional-mood conjugation estus becomes estums, etc.
The imperative mood behaves differently from that pattern:
- The imperative form estu stays estu for singular subjects, but becomes estuy for plural subjects.
Grammatical cases
Nouns, adjectives, adverbs
| Language | Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Arcaicam Esperantom | ~om | ~oy | ~on | ~oyn | ~od | ~oyd | ~es | ~eys |
| Esperanto | ~o | ~oj | ~on | ~ojn | al x~o | al x~oj | de ~o | de ~oj |
- -o becomes om (sg. noun, nominative)
- -oj becomes oy (pl. noun, nominative)
- -on stays -on (sg. noun, accusative)
- -ojn becomes -oyn (pl. noun, accusative)
- al x-o, kun x-o becomes x-od (sg. noun, dative – ex.: al domo becomes domod)
- al x-oj, kun x-oj becomes x-oyd (pl. noun, dative – ex.: al domoj becomes domoyd)
- de x-o becomes x-es (sg. noun, genitive – ex.: de domo becomes domes)
- de x-oj becomes x-eys (pl. noun, genitive – ex.: de domoj becomes domeys)
- -e becomes -œ (adverb) (This is a new phoneme, not present in modern Esperanto. It is pronounced like the German ö.)
- -aŭ becomes -ez (-aŭ-adverb such as baldaŭ, etc.)
- -a becomes -am (sg. adjective, nominative)
- -aj becomes -ay (pl. adjective, nominative)
- A noun is always written with a capital letter. Ex: Glawom = (la) glavo.
- The verb infinitive can function as a noun, having the meaning that is carried in modern Esperanto by the root with the suffix -ado. The infinitive functioning as a noun takes, as does any other noun, both a capital letter and a case ending. Ex: Legirom = (la) legado.
Correlatives
- ki- becomes cuy-
- ti- becomes ity-
- i- becomes hey-
- neni- becomes nemy-
- ĉi- becomes chey-
- ali- becomes altri-
(Note: Ali-, which in modern Esperanto is not a correlative despite its use in that fashion by some, becomes in Arcaicam Esperantom as altri- a full-fledged correlative.)
- -o becomes -om
- -a becomes -am
- -am becomes -ahem
- -e becomes -œ
- -om becomes -ohem
- (-u stays -u)
- (-el stays -el)
- the particle ĉi becomes is- (ĉi tiu = isityu)
Articles
- The definite article la does not exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. If necessary, a specific person or object can be indicated by means of ityu (in modern Esperanto tiu).
- The indefinite article, which modern Esperanto does not have, does exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. The indefinite article is unn (which is the same word for the number 1).
Examples
The Lord's Prayer
Patrom nosam, cuyu estas in Chielom, |
Version with cognates in standard Esperanto: |
Romeus ed Yulieta
| Arcaicam Esperantom | Esperanto: Romeo kaj Julieta | Shakespeare: R&J II, 2 (Lines rearranged to correspond) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sed haltu: cuyam Lumom ityun Phenestron |
Sed haltu: kia lumo tiun fenestron |
But, soft ! what light through yonder window |
Phrases
- Salutoyn cheyuyd! Cuyel phartais wos? – Hello everyone, how are you?
- Lùi ex Biawistocom wenat. – He comes from Białystok.
- Cuyel nomizzas? – What is your name?
- Nomizzams Petrus – My name is Peter.
- Ityon comprenams bonœ. – I understand that well.
- Unn Manom altrian Manon lawat. – One hand washes the other (hand).
- Tempom phughat. – Ovid
- Amom cheyon wencat. – Virgil
- Ityel pasat mondes Glorom. – Thomas à Kempis
- Ritmom estat in Tempom cuyom estat Simetrom in Spatzom. – Cicero
- Wenims, widims, wenquims. – Julius Caesar
- Homom Homoyd Lupom estat. – Plautus
See also
References
- Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom. Brugge: Sonorilo, 1969. 122 pages.
- Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom. 2010 edition. 258 pages. Downloadable as a 9MB PDF file.
- ^ http://www.universala-esperanto.net/
- ^ Elektronika Bulteno de EASL includes the short story La Mezepoka Esperanto from Lingvo Stilo Formo, 2nd cheap edition, Kalman Kalocsay, Budapest, Literatura Mondo, 1931.
- ^ "Arkaika Esperanto", p.12 et seq.