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Economy of West Bengal

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Economy of West Bengal
Kolkata skyline.
1 April – 31 March
Statistics
GDP₹11.78 lakh crore (US$140 billion) (2018–19)[1]
GDP rank6th
GDP growth
14.6% (2019–20 est.)[2]
GDP per capita
₹109,491 (US$1,300) (2018–19)[1]
GDP per capita rank
20th
GDP by sector
Agriculture: 21%
Industry: 20%
Services: 59% (2019–20)[2]
Unemployment4.6% (2017–18)[3]
Public finances
32.9% of GSDP (2020–21 est.)[2]
₹−31,483 crore (US$−3.8 billion) (2.18% of GSDP) (2020–21 est.)[2]
Revenues₹1.79 lakh crore (US$21 billion) (2020–21 est.)[2]
Expenses₹2.56 lakh crore (US$31 billion) (2020–21 est.)[2]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of West Bengal is the sixth-largest state economy in India. In 2018–19, its public debt stood at ₹4.0 lakh crore (US$48 billion) or 33% of GSDP.[4] The state primarily dependent on agriculture and medium-sized industry, although services and heavy industries play an increasingly significant role in the economy of the country.

Since independence, West Bengal was still dependent on the central government for meeting its demands for food as production remained stagnant and the Green Revolution bypassed the state. However, there has been a significant spurt in food production since the 1980s. The state is now one of the few with a surplus, producing nearly 20% of the rice and 33% of the potato yield in 2004, despite accounting for only 7.55% of the population of India.[5] Total export from IT sector of the state is estimated to have crossed Rs. 19,000 crores (US$ 2.83 billion) in 2016-17.[6]

Agriculture and Livestock

Freshly sown saplings of paddy; in the background are stacks of jute sticks

Agriculture accounts for the largest share of the labour force. It contributed around 18.7% to the gross state domestic product (GSDP) in 2009–10.[7]: 14  A plurality of the state's population are peasant farmers.

Major produce

Rice and potato are considered to be the principal food crops. The state is the largest source of the important food crop of rice, a staple diet across India, with an annual output of around 16.1 million tonnes in FY 2015-16, and the second-largest producer of potatoes in India with an average annual output of 11 million tonnes in FY 15.[7]: 14  West Bengal is also the second-largest fish producing state.[8]

Apart from these, jute, sugarcane and wheat are the top crops of the state.[7]: 14  Other major food crops include maize, pulses, oil seeds, wheat, barley, and vegetables. Tea is another important cash crop.Darjeeling is globally recognised for tea plantation of the acclaimed Darjeeling Tea variety.

Given below is a table of 2015 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in West Bengal based on 2011 prices[9]

Segment National Share %
Jute 82.5
Betel 75.8
Cauliflower 43.1
Sweet potato 37.3
Brinjal 34.2
Cabbage 28.4
Inland fish 28.2
Radish 27.0
Jackfruit 26.8
Tea 25.6
Pineapple 25.2
Okra 24.8
Litchi 24.2
Potato 22.2
Grass pea 21.0
Mesta 20.4
Narcotics 19.2
Sesamum 19.2
Guava 14.7
Paddy 14.2
Papaya 13.8
Fruit and vegetable 13.0
Marine fish 11.6
Water melon 11.1
Bean 10.9
Cashew nut 9.9
Masoor 9.7
Sericulture and Apiculture 9.7
Egg 9.6
San hemp 9.6
Tomato 9.6
Sapota 9.5
Meat 9.2
Green pea 8.4
Chilli 8.3
Mango 8.2
Ginger 8.0
Cereal 7.8
Banana 7.0
Rapeseed and mustard 6.4
Dung 5.9
Garlic 5.9
Kitchen garden 5.4
Straw and stalk 5.4
Moong 5.2

It is also the second largest tea-producing state in India, producing 329.3 million kg of tea in 2014-15, accounting for 27.8 percent of the country's total tea production. In 2015-16, West Bengal produced approximately 2.38 mt of sugarcane and 3.1 mt of fruits. The state is the largest vegetables producing state in India with 25466.8 thousand MT of production in 2012-13.

West Bengal accounts for nearly 10% of the country's edible oil production. The state produced a total of 1.63 million tonnes of fish in 2015-16 compared to a production of 1.61 million tonnes during 2014-15, retaining second spot after Andhra Pradesh in fish production. West Bengal produced around 4961 thousand tonnes of milk in FY14-15.

The state is the third largest meat producing state in the country (including poultry) after Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, producing 0.648 million tonnes of meat in 2012-13 and it is the largest producer of goat meat.

Industry

Durgapur Steel plant

State industries are mostly localised in the Kolkata region, the mineral-rich western highlands, and Haldia port region.[10] There are up to 10,000 registered factories in the state and the West Bengal state government has opened Shilpa Sathi, a single window agency in order to provide investors with all kinds of assistance in establishing and running industrial units.[11] Kolkata is noted as one of the major centres for industries including the jute industry. There are numerous steel plants in the state apart from the alloy steel plant at Durgapur. The centre has established a number of industries in the areas of tea, sugar, chemicals and fertilisers. Natural resources like tea and jute in and nearby parts have made West Bengal a major centre for the jute and tea industries. West Bengal is at the forefronts of leather processing and leather goods manufacturing and has around 666 units producing leather and leather related goods. Currently, 22-25 percent of India's tanning activity is undertaken in Kolkata and its suburbs.Kharagpur has also numerous industries of various types such as iron works, cement, chemicals, etc. The state's share of total industrial output in India was 9.8% in 1980–81, declining to 5% by 1997–98. However, the service sector has grown at a rate higher than the national rate.[5]

Infrastructure

Power and energy

As of end of May 2016, according to data released by Central Electricity Authority on its site cea.nic.in, the installed power capacity of the state is 9984.4 MW, compared to 303.083 GW of the country. Of the total installed power capacity, 8523.83 MW was contributed by thermal power, 1,328.3 MW was contributed by hydro power and renewable power together.[12] West Bengal government's ministry of power, in its report, enumerates individual power generating stations in West Bengal along with their respective locations and generating capacities while mentioning the total installed capacity as 13826 MW as of March 2015.[13] As of end of April 2016, 37449 out of 37463 villages, i.e. 99.96℅ of inhabited villages in West Bengal were cumulatively electrified.[14]

Communication and transportation

As of 2011, West Bengal has a total road length of 92,023 kilometres (57,180 mi), with a road density of 1.04 km per km2. Of this, national highways constitute 2,578 kilometres (1,602 mi) and state highways 2,393 kilometres (1,487 mi).[7]: 18  As of June 2015, the central government mulled augmenting the state's national highways' length by another couple of thousand kilometres in a bid to supplement to India's plan of seamless BBIN connectivity through Nepal,Bhutan,India and Bangladesh, subject to availability of land,by investing in the tunes of US$4–5 billion.[15]

Railways

The Eastern railways zone, southeastern railways zone and N.F railway zone of Indian Railways run operations in West Bengal. At the end of 2014-15, the route length in West Bengal was 4070 km of which around 4000 km has been converted to broad gauge and around 2500 km has been electrified, the running track length was 7122 km and the total track length was 10,466 km, with the number of stations exceeding 800.[16][17] Kolkata Metro railway is the newest zone of the IR with a single operational link of 27 km route length, 17 km of which runs underground. As of 2016, various other metro links of approximately 120 km route length are underway in different phases of construction in Kolkata.

Ports

Kolkata is a major river-port in eastern India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages both the Kolkata docks and the Haldia docks.[18] There is passenger service to Port Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and cargo ship service to ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Kolkata Port handled 50.195 million tonnes (mt) of traffic in 2015-16, around 8.43% higher vis-a-vis that handled during previous fiscal. Kolkata Dock System, the first major dock formally commissioned in 1870, handled cargo traffic of 16.688 mt in 2015-16, registering a significant growth of 9.2% over the previous year. Haldia Dock Complex,the 1st green port of the country in 2015, handled 33.507 mt in 2015-16, recording growth of 8.05% over the last year. In container traffic also, KoPT recorded 6,62,891 TEUs in 2015-16, clocking upwards of 5% growth over last year, and retained its 3 rd rank amongst major container handling Ports in the country. KDS also achieved the highest ever container throughput of 5,77,749 TEUs in 2015-16, a significant growth of 9.39% over the last year.[19] Kolkata Dock System handled a traffic of 12.540 million tonnes in 2010–2011 as against 13.045 million tonnes in 2009–2010.[18] At Haldia Dock Complex, 35.005 million tonnes of traffic was handled in 2010–2011 as against 33.378 million tonnes in 2009–2010 implying an increase of 4.87%.[18]

Inland waterways

The 560 km long Haldia- Farakka stretch in West Bengal is part of the stretch of Ganges between Haldia and Allahabad declared as the National Waterway (NW1). Also a 91 km long stretch of the NW5 is within West Bengal. West Bengal government has sought to build infrastructure to begin sustained fuel efficient cost efficient and eco-friendly shipping operations for cargo transportation and tourism, passenger traffic as well along 12 rivers in West Bengal which can reduce congestion on roads. These rivers that has been identified for national waterways services, are the Allahabad-Haldia stretch of the Ganga Bhagirathi Hooghly river, Ajoy river (96 km), Bakreswar Mayurakshi river (110 km), Damodar river (135 km), DVC canal(130 km), Dwarekeswar river (113 km), Icchamoti river (634 km), Jalangi river (131 km), Rupnarayan river (72 km), Subarnarekha river (314 km) and Sunderban Waterways (201 km).[20][21]

Telecommunications

As of end of April 2016, as per statistics published in press release of TRAI, there were 74.58 million wire-less (mobile phone) subscriptions (including 25.04 million with 90.43℅ VLR or active connections in Kolkata service area and 49.54 million with 93.69% VLR or active connections in rest of west Bengal service area) compared to over 1034.25 million wire-less connections in the whole country with VLR or active connections of 90.31% and 1.275 million wire-line subscriptions (including 0.909million in Kolkata and 0.365 million in rest of West Bengal) in West Bengal (with a total state-level tele-density of -----% as of 30 April 2016) compared to over 25.036 million wire-line connections in the whole country (with nationwide total tele-density of 83.32%) while as of April end,2016 the number of broadband subscriptions in the state were arbitrarily estimated to be around 11 million compared to that of whole of India with over 151.09 million broadband connections.[22] VSNL has its international gateway and earth station in Kolkata. International connectivity is provided through VSNL and five STPI( Software Technology Parks of India) earth stations in Kolkata, Durgapur, Kharagpur, Haldia and siliguri. Digha has been selected as the cable landing station for the submarine cable laying project connecting India and South East Asia. BSNL has an optical fiber network of 15000 km route in West Bengal. Reliance group's Jio Infocomm has laid 4500 km of optical fiber network in the state for its 4G network.[23] Under National Optic Fibre Network (NOFN) mission, optical fibre cable will be laid in 341 blocks covering most of the gram panchayats in West Bengal. [24]

Aviation

Spread over 2640 acres at Dumdum in Kolkata, the largest in eastern India, the newly modernised Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport is the fifth busiest international airport in India in respect of aircraft movement (after Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai). It has two asphalt runways, the primary one extended by 700 meters (3627×50m) and upgraded to CATIIIB, and the secondary one (2790×46m) upgraded to CATII ILS standards. Its terminal is a new and sprawling L-shaped six-level integrated terminal of over 2,510,000 sq ft inaugurated in 2013, able to handle 25 million passengers per annum. It includes check-in counters that use CUTE (Common User Terminal Equipment) technology, 78 immigration counters, 12 customs counters, passenger lounges provided by Air India and Jet Airways, 18 aerobridges, 57 remote parking bays, 2 underground two-leveled carparks and car parking facilities in landscaped area capable of handling 5000 cars. The airport has a Centre for Perishable Commodities(CPC), two luxury hotels and a shopping mall.

In the fiscal year April 2015 to March 2016, the airport handled 76722 aircraft movements including 14564 international aircraft movements, 12.42 million passengers (including 2.22 million international passengers and 10.2 million domestic passengers), 105390 tonnes of freight (including 37623 tonnes international freight). Between the 1940s and 1960s, major airlines such as Aeroflot, Air France, Alitalia, Cathay Pacific, Japan Airlines, Philippine Airlines, KLM, Pan Am, Lufthansa, Swissair and SAS operated from the airport.

With the advent of longer haul aircraft and the socio-economio-political degeneration of the state during the 1960s, several airlines gradually discontinued operations there. The withdrawal of Lufthansa's service to Frankfurt in 2012 left Kolkata with no direct flights beyond Asia. Kolkata airport is to undergo the execution of Phase 2 of the expansion plan which primarily involves the construction of an 86-meter ATC Tower. Additionally, the current Kolkata Metro expansion plans include two new lines to the airport for better connectivity.

Bagdogra airport near Siliguri is another significant airport in the state. Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport, country's first private greenfield aerotropolis project spread over 650 acres, under Bengal Aerotropolis Projects Limited (BAPL) co-owned by Singapore-based Changi group, conceived in 2006-07 to be a domestic/international airport with handling capacity of 1 million per annum that can be expanded to 2.5 million per annum in future, officially commenced operations in 2015 at Andal, 185 km away from the state capital Kolkata.[25] As of June 2016, the fledgling project is still suffering from birth pangs as it strives to attract airliners,grappling with dire paucity of adequate number of fliers necessary to sustain flying operations from here,in the investment starved ambience prevailing in its immediate hinterland.[26]

Sector 5, Saltlake - The IT Hub of Kolkata

Industry

As of 2011, the state has 22 formally approved special economic zones (SEZ).[27] Of these, 17 are related to information technology (IT) or IT,enabled services (ITES).[7]: 28 

Economic indices

Economic production - beach net fishing at Digha Beach

As per the state budget presented in the state legislative assembly on 24 June 2016, West Bengal's nominal GSDP at current prices has risen to INR 9.20083 trillion or US$140.68 billion in the year 2015-16, the average INR to US$ exchange rate in that year being INR 65.4. West Bengal's average population in that year being 95.5 million, per capita nominal GSDP at current prices for the economic year 2015-16 can be calculated as US$1473.[28][29] In terms of nominal net state domestic product (NSDP) at factor cost at current prices (base year 2004-2005), West Bengal was the sixth largest economy in India, with an NSDP of INR 7289.74billion[30][31] or US$120.93 billion in 2014-15 and in terms of nominal gross state domestic product(GSDP) at current prices, the state had GSDP of US$132.86 billion in the economic year 2014-15 as mentioned by India Brand Equity Foundation.[32] India's Purchasing power parity conversion factor and US$ to INR exchange rate in 2014-15 being 16.98 and INR61.11 respectively, west Bengal's GSDP(PPP) at market prices in 2014-15 can be calculated as international $478.16 billion for 2014-15.[33] In the period 2004–2005 to 2009–2010, the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 13.9% (calculated in Indian rupee term), lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.[7]: 4  The state's nominal per capita NSDP at factor cost at current prices(base year 2004-05) was INR78903[34][35][36] or US$1291 in 2014-15,average dollar exchange rate being INR61.11 that economic year, improved from US$553.7 in 2004–05,[7]: 10  but lower than the national nominal per capita NDP at current prices( base year 2012-13) of INR102839.47 [37] or US$1683(INR to US$ exchange rate in 2014-15 being INR61.11),in 2014-15. West Bengal's nominal per capita GSDP at current prices in 2014-15 was US$1412,the state's estimated average population over 2014-15 being around 94.3millions. In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 57.8% of the state domestic product compared to 24% from primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 18.2% from secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[7]: 12  At a compound annual growth rate of 15.2%, the tertiary sector has been the fastest growing among the three sectors from 2004–05 to 2009–10.[7]: 12  The growth has been driven by trade, hotels, real estate, finance, insurance, transport, communications and other services. The state's total financial debt that stood at ₹1,918 billion (US$23 billion) as of 2011 swelled to ₹3,050 billion (US$37 billion) at the end of 2015-16 and is estimated to further grow to ₹3,340 billion (US$40 billion) at the end of 2016-17.[38] [39]

District-wise Economic Indicators

The following is a list of basic economic data for the districts of West Bengal as of 2013-2014, the latest year for which data is available:[40]

District Gross District Domestic Product (as of 2013-14, at Constant (2004–05) Prices) Gross District Domestic Product Per Capita (as of 2013-14, at Constant (2004–05) Prices)
Bardhaman ₹38,923.07 crore (equivalent to ₹940 billion or US$14 billion in 2017) ₹40,634.07 (equivalent to ₹98,000 or US$1,500 in 2017)
Birbhum ₹10,291 crore (equivalent to ₹250 billion or US$3.8 billion in 2017) ₹25,426.29 (equivalent to ₹62,000 or US$940 in 2017)
Bankura ₹11,729.33 crore (equivalent to ₹280 billion or US$4.3 billion in 2017) ₹28,345.12 (equivalent to ₹69,000 or US$1,100 in 2017)
Purba Medinipur ₹26,978.96 crore (equivalent to ₹650 billion or US$10 billion in 2017) ₹44,654.60 (equivalent to ₹110,000 or US$1,700 in 2017)
Paschim Medinipur ₹18,930.11 crore (equivalent to ₹460 billion or US$7.0 billion in 2017) ₹27,575.49 (equivalent to ₹67,000 or US$1,000 in 2017)
Howrah ₹22,817.15 crore (equivalent to ₹550 billion or US$8.5 billion in 2017) ₹39,313.99 (equivalent to ₹95,000 or US$1,500 in 2017)
Hooghly ₹24,371.33 crore (equivalent to ₹590 billion or US$9.0 billion in 2017) ₹35,920.65 (equivalent to ₹87,000 or US$1,300 in 2017)
Uttar 24 Parganas ₹48,035.5 crore (equivalent to ₹1.2 trillion or US$18 billion in 2017) ₹37,010.24 (equivalent to ₹90,000 or US$1,400 in 2017)
Dakshin 24 Parganas ₹29,238.58 crore (equivalent to ₹710 billion or US$11 billion in 2017) ₹29,745.60 (equivalent to ₹72,000 or US$1,100 in 2017)
Kolkata ₹36,031.93 crore (equivalent to ₹870 billion or US$13 billion in 2017) ₹67,993.29 (equivalent to ₹160,000 or US$2,500 in 2017)
Nadia ₹18,205.56 crore (equivalent to ₹440 billion or US$6.7 billion in 2017) ₹29,006.54 (equivalent to ₹70,000 or US$1,100 in 2017)
Murshidabad ₹21,280.12 crore (equivalent to ₹510 billion or US$7.9 billion in 2017) ₹25,416.46 (equivalent to ₹61,000 or US$940 in 2017)
Uttar Dinajpur ₹6,843 crore (equivalent to ₹170 billion or US$2.5 billion in 2017) ₹18,836.95 (equivalent to ₹46,000 or US$700 in 2017)
Dakshin Dinajpur ₹4,955.3 crore (equivalent to ₹120 billion or US$1.8 billion in 2017) ₹23,599.48 (equivalent to ₹57,000 or US$870 in 2017)
Malda ₹12,023.94 crore (equivalent to ₹290 billion or US$4.5 billion in 2017) ₹25,412.24 (equivalent to ₹61,000 or US$940 in 2017)
Jalpaiguri ₹14,240.17 crore (equivalent to ₹340 billion or US$5.3 billion in 2017) ₹29,692.58 (equivalent to ₹72,000 or US$1,100 in 2017)
Darjeeling ₹10,664.32 crore (equivalent to ₹260 billion or US$4.0 billion in 2017) ₹45,808.78 (equivalent to ₹110,000 or US$1,700 in 2017)
Cooch Behar ₹7,895.18 crore (equivalent to ₹190 billion or US$2.9 billion in 2017) ₹24,973.51 (equivalent to ₹60,000 or US$930 in 2017)
Purulia ₹8,340.2 crore (equivalent to ₹200 billion or US$3.1 billion in 2017) ₹24,749.26 (equivalent to ₹60,000 or US$920 in 2017)
West Bengal ₹371,795.04 crore (equivalent to ₹9.0 trillion or US$140 billion in 2017) ₹36,293.33 (equivalent to ₹88,000 or US$1,300 in 2017)

Foreign direct investment

Under the overall guidance and policies of the government of India, the West Bengal government welcomes foreign technology and investments as may be appropriate for the needs of the state and is mutually advantageous.[41] Foreign direct investment has mostly come in the manufacturing and telecommunication sectors.[42] According to the Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Government of India, the cumulative FDI inflow in Kolkata Reserve Bank region (comprising West Bengal, Sikkim, Andaman and Nicobar Islands) from April 2000 to September 2016 amounted to US$ 3967 million.[43] Kolkata Reserve Bank region was seventh among the reserve bank regions of the country in terms of amount of cumulative FDI, behind Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Chennai and Hyderabad regions.[43]

Exports

West Bengal is one of the country's leading exporters of finished leather goods. In 2009–10, the state accounted for around 13.5% of the country's exports of leather and leather products.[7]: 16  The state accounted for around 70% of India's dried flower exports in 2008–09.[7]: 16  The state is also a leading exporter of shrimps and tea.

However, the rapid industrialisation process has given rise to debate over land acquisition for industry in this agrarian state.[44] NASSCOM–Gartner ranks West Bengal power infrastructure the best in the country.[45]

Further reading

References

  1. ^ a b "MOSPI Net State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India". Retrieved 7 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f "West Bengal Budget Analysis 2020-21". PRS Legislative. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  3. ^ "Periodic Labour Force Survey (2017-18)" (PDF). Ministry of Labour and Employment. p. 212. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  4. ^ "West Bengal – Medium Term Fiscal Policy & Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement" (PDF). Government of West Bengal. 22 March 2019. p. 21.
  5. ^ a b "Introduction and Human Development Indices for West Bengal". West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 (PDF). Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. May 2004. pp. 4–6. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. Retrieved 26 August 2006. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ https://www.ibef.org/states/west-bengal-presentation. Retrieved 2 March 2019. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "West Bengal" (PDF). India Brand Equity Foundation. November 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  8. ^ "IJIRSET Stats" (PDF). IJIRSET.
  9. ^ 2015 agricultural output of West Bengal based on the 2011 prices
  10. ^ "Industrial infrastructure". West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  11. ^ Economy of West Bengal @ webindia123.com Suni System (P) Ltd.
  12. ^ "ALL INDIA INSTALLED CAPACITY (IN MW) OF POWER STATIONS" (PDF). Central Electricity Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  13. ^ "Details of various generating stations in West Bengal (as of 31.3.2015)" (PDF). Power Ministry, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  14. ^ "Progress report on village electrification as on 30.04.2016" (PDF). Central Electricity Authority. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  15. ^ "Centre plans to give Rs. 25000-30000 crore for development of Bengal roads:Nitin Gadkari". 24 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  16. ^ "The network" (PDF). Indian Railways. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  17. ^ "Physical Infrastructure". WBIDC. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  18. ^ a b c "Port info: cargo statistics". Kolkata Port Trust. Kolkata Port Trust, India. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  19. ^ "Message from the Chairman". The KoPT. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  20. ^ "WB government proposes to introduce inland waterways services". The Times of India. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  21. ^ "12 rivers in Bengal listed for development". The Statesman. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  22. ^ "Press Release on Telecom Subscription Data as on 30th April, 2016:"Press Release No.49"" (PDF). Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. 20 June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  23. ^ "Reliance Jio to launch 4G in West Bengal by March 2014". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  24. ^ "Push for digital drive in Bengal, optical fibre network in 300 blocks soon". Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  25. ^ "Narendra Modi first passenger to use Andal airport". The Economic Times. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  26. ^ "Air India Andal exit unfortunate: Mamata". The Telegraph. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  27. ^ "SEZs: statewise distribution" (PDF). SEZINDIA, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  28. ^ "State budget speech 2016-17 in English" (PDF). Department of Finance, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  29. ^ "No New taxes:Amit Mitra looks to excise, vehicles for revenue generation in West Bengal". The Indian Express. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  30. ^ "Table 5 : Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost - State-Wise (At Current Prices)" (PDF). The Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  31. ^ "Table 5 : Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost - State-Wise (At Current Prices)". The Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  32. ^ "West Bengal". India Brand Equity Foundation. January 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  33. ^ "PPP conversion factor, GDP LCU per international$: Table". The World Bank. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  34. ^ "Table 9 : Per Capita Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost - State-Wise (At Current Prices)" (PDF). The Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  35. ^ "Table 9 : Per Capita Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost - State-Wise (At Current Prices)". The Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  36. ^ "Indian states by GDP per capita". Statistics Times. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  37. ^ "Table 1 : Macro-Economic Aggregates (At Current Prices)" (PDF). The Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  38. ^ "Bengal's debt pile balloons". The Telegraph. New Delhi. 22 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  39. ^ "After huge win, Mamata to start new term under mountain of debt". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  40. ^ Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal (6 May 2016). "State Domestic Product and District Domestic Product of West Bengal 2014-15" (PDF).
  41. ^ "Policies and approval: foreign direct investment (FDI) policy". West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  42. ^ Mazumdar, Rakhi (10 January 2012). "PwC sees need for FDI in West Bengal". Economic Times. New Delhi. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  43. ^ a b "Statement on RBI's regional offices (with state covered) received FDI equity inflows (from April 2000 to September 2016)" (PDF). Fact sheet on foreign direct investment (FDI) from April 2000 to September 2016. Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Government of India. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  44. ^ Ray Choudhury, R (27 October 2006). "A new dawn beckons West Bengal". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
  45. ^ "West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation Ltd" (PDF). India @ Hannover Messe 2006. Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC), India. p. 303. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2006. Retrieved 7 September 2006.
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