List of ethnic riots
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This is a list of notable ethnic riots, sectarian riots, and race riots, by country.
Africa
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Lesotho
Libya
Mauritius
- 1906 Pagoda riots
- 1911 Curepipe riots
- Uba riots of 1937
- 1943 Belle Vue Harel Massacre
- 1965 Mauritius race riots
- 1968 Mauritian riots
- 1999 Mauritian riots
- 1999 L'Amicale riots
Mauritania
- Mauritania (1989) – Mauritania–Senegal Border War. Included race riots in Mauritania[4]
Rhodesia
- Kananga (1925) – Kananga Riot of 1925
South Africa
- Durban (1949) – Anti-Indian riots[5]
- Durban (1985) – Anti-Indian riot[6]
- Port Elizabeth (2007) – Anti-Somali riot[7]
Tanzania
- Zanzibar (1964) – The Zanzibar Revolution of January 12, 1964[8][9]
Americas
Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro (1823) – Anti-Portuguese riots[10]
- Salvador (1831) – Anti-Portuguese riots
Canada
- 1784: Shelburne riots
- 1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot
- 1933: Toronto, Christie Pits riot
- 1907: Vancouver Anti-Oriental riots (Vancouver)
Mexico
- Torreón massacre (1911)
Peru
- Afro-Peruvian massacre of Chinese coolies (1880s)[11]
- Indigenous uprising against White Peruvians (1880s)[12]
United States
Nativist Period: 1700s–1860
- 1824: Providence, Rhode Island Hard Scrabble Riots
- Cincinnati riots of 1829
- 1829: Charlestown[which?] Anti-Catholic Riots
- 1831: Providence, Rhode Island
- 1834: Massachusetts Convent Burning
- 1834: Philadelphia pro-slavery riots[13]
- 1834: New York City pro-slavery riots
- 1835: Boston pro-slavery riots
- 1835: Five Points Riot
- 1835: Snow Riot, Washington, D.C.[14][15]
- Cincinnati riots of 1836
- 1841: Cincinnati, Ohio White Irish-descendant and Irish immigrant dock workers rioted against Black dock workers.
- 1844: Philadelphia Nativist Riots
- 1851: Hoboken Anti-German Riot
- 1855: Louisville Anti-German Riots
Civil War Period: 1861–1865
Reconstruction Period: 1865–1877
Jim Crow Period: 1878–1914
- 1885: Anti-Chinese riot in Rock Springs, Wyoming Territory
- 1886: Seattle riot of 1886[16]
- 1898: Wilmington Insurrection of 1898, white Democrats overthrew elected government and attacked blacks[17]
- 1898: Lake City, South Carolina
- 1898: Greenwood County, South Carolina
- 1900: Robert Charles Riots
- 1900: New York City
- 1904: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot[18]
- 1906: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot[18]
- 1906: Atlanta Race Riot, whites against African Americans[19]
- 1906: Brownsville, Texas
- 1907: Onancock, Virginia
- 1907: Pacific Coast Race Riots of 1907
- 1908: Springfield Race Riot of 1908[20]
- 1909: Omaha, Nebraska anti-Greek riot
- 1910: Nationwide riots following the heavyweight championship fight between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries in Reno, Nevada on July 4
- 1910: Slocum, Texas
War and inter-war period: 1914–1945
- 1917: East St. Louis Riot[21]
- 1917: 1917 Chester race riot
- 1917: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1917: Houston Riot
- Red Summer of 1919
- 1919: Washington, D.C.
- 1919: Chicago Race Riot of 1919[22]
- 1919: Omaha Race Riot of 1919
- 1919: Charleston riot of 1919
- 1919: Longview race riot
- 1919: Knoxville Riot of 1919
- 1919: Elaine Race Riot
- 1920: Ocoee Massacre
- 1921: Tulsa race massacre (Tulsa, Oklahoma)[23]
- 1921: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot[18]
- 1923: Rosewood massacre (Rosewood, Florida)[24]
- 1927: Yakima Valley Anti-Filipino Riot[25]
- 1928: Wenatchee Valley Anti-Filipino Riot[25]
- 1929: Exeter Anti-Filipino Riot[26]
- 1930: Watsonville Riots, Anti-Filipino riot which inspired race riots in San Francisco, Salinas and San Jose and attacks elsewhere.[26]
- 1935: Harlem Riot of 1935
- 1943: Detroit Race Riot[27]
- 1943: Beaumont Race Riot of 1943
- 1943: Harlem Riot of 1943
- 1943: Zoot Suit Riots
- 1944: Agana race riot
Postwar era: 1946–1954
- 1946: Columbia, Tennessee Riot
- 1949: Peekskill Riots
- 1951: Cicero Race Riot in Illinois
Civil Rights and Black Power Movement's Period: 1955–1977
- 1958: Battle of Hayes Pond (Maxton, North Carolina)
- 1962: Ole Miss riot, Oxford, Mississippi
- 1963: Birmingham Riot of 1963, Birmingham, Alabama
- 1963: Cambridge riot of 1963 (Cambridge, Maryland)
- 1963: Lexington Riot, Lexington, North Carolina[28]
- 1964: Harlem Riot of 1964 (Harlem neighborhood, Manhattan, New York City)
- 1964: Rochester riot (Rochester, New York)
- 1964: Philadelphia 1964 race riot (North Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
- 1965: Watts Riots (Watts neighborhood, Los Angeles, California)
- 1966: Division Street Riots (Humboldt Park neighborhood, Chicago, Illinois)
- 1966: Hough Riots (Hough community, Cleveland, Ohio)
- 1966: North Omaha, Nebraska (North Omaha community, Omaha, Nebraska)
- Long Hot Summer of 1967
- 1967: Roxbury riots (Boston, Massachusetts)[29]
- 1967: Tampa riots (Tampa, Florida)
- 1967: Texas Southern University Riot (Houston, Texas)
- 1967: 1967 Detroit riot (Detroit, Michigan)
- 1967: Buffalo riot (Buffalo, New York)
- 1967: Milwaukee Riot (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
- 1967: Minneapolis North Side Riots (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
- 1967: 1967 Newark riots (Newark, New Jersey)
- 1967: Plainfield riots (Plainfield, New Jersey)
- 1967: Cincinnati riots (Cincinnati, Ohio)
- Protests of 1968
- 1968: Orangeburg massacre (Orangeburg, South Carolina)
- 1968: King assassination riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
- 1968: Baltimore riot of 1968 (Baltimore, Maryland)
- 1968: Chicago West Side riots (Chicago, Illinois)
- 1968: Louisville riots of 1968 (Louisville, Kentucky)
- 1968: 1968 Washington, D.C. riots (Washington, D.C.)
- 1968: 1968 Wilmington riots (Wilmington, Delaware)
- 1968: Glenville shootout and riot (Cleveland, Ohio)
- 1969: 1969 York Race Riot (York, Pennsylvania)
- 1969: Stonewall Riot (New York, NY)
- 1970: May 11 Race Riot (Augusta, Georgia)
- 1970: Jackson State killings (Jackson, Mississippi)
- 1971: Camden riots (Camden, New Jersey)
- 1972–1977: Escambia High School riots (Pensacola, Florida)
- 1972: USS Kitty Hawk Riot (Coast of North Vietnam); October 12–13
- 1975: Chaffey High School Race Riot enhanced by local sniper (Ontario, California)
1978 to today
- 1978: Houston's Moody Park on the first anniversary of Joe Campos Torres death.
- 1979: Great Brook Valley Projects Riots Worcester, Massachusetts, Puerto Ricans rioted
- 1980: Miami riots (Miami, Florida): Reactions following the acquittal of four Miami-Dade Police officers in the death of Arthur McDuffie.
- 1980: Chattanooga Riot (Chattanooga, Tennessee)
- 1984: Lawrence, Massachusetts Race Riot: A small scale riot centered at the intersection of Haverhill and railroad streets between working class whites and Hispanics; several buildings were destroyed by Molotov cocktails; August 8, 1984.[30]
- 1989: Overtown Riot (Miami, FL) After a black motorcyclist was shot by a Hispanic police officer in the predominantly black community of Overtown, residents rioted for two nights. The officer was later convicted of manslaughter.
- 1990: Wynwood riot (Miami, FL) Puerto Ricans rioted after a jury acquitted six officers accused of beating a Puerto Rican drug dealer to death
- 1991: Crown Heights riot (Crown Heights neighborhood, Brooklyn, New York City), black anti-Jewish mob killed 2, injured 190.
- 1992: Los Angeles riots (Los Angeles, California): In reaction to the acquittal of all four LAPD officers involved in the videotaped beating of Rodney King, in addition to the Korean involved in the murder of Latasha Harlins; riots broke out mainly involving black and Latino youths in the black neighborhoods of South Central Los Angeles and Korean-American neighborhood of Koreatown before spreading to the rest of the city
- 1996: St. Petersburg riots (St. Petersburg, Florida): After Officer Jim Knight stopped 18 yr. old Tyron Lewis for speeding, he claimed to accidentally fire his weapon, fatally wounding the black teenager. Riots broke out, lasting 2 days.[citation needed]
- 2001: Cincinnati riots (Cincinnati, Ohio): In a reaction to the fatal shooting of an unarmed young black male, Timothy Thomas by Cincinnati police officer Steven Roach, riots broke out over the span of a few days.
- 2003: Benton Harbor riots (Benton Harbor, Michigan)
- 2005: 2005 Toledo riot (Toledo, Ohio): A race riot that broke out after a planned Neo-Nazi protest march through a black neighborhood.
- 2006: Fontana High School riot (Fontana, California): Riot involving about 500 Latino and black students[31]
- 2006: Prison Race Riots (California): A war between Latino and black prison gangs set off a series of riots across California[32][33]
- 2008: Locke High School riot[34] (Los Angeles, California)
- 2009: 2009 Oakland riots (Oakland, California): Peaceful protests turned into rioting after the fatal shooting of an unarmed black man, Oscar Grant, by a BART transit policeman.
- 2014–2015: The Ferguson unrest, a series of riots break out in Ferguson, Missouri over the shooting of Michael Brown.
- August 2014: riots for two weeks after the initial shooting of Michael Brown.
- Late November and early December 2014: riots for one week after the police officer who shot Michael Brown was not indicted.
- August 2015: riots for two days during the anniversary of the shooting of Michael Brown.
- 2015: The Death of Freddie Gray was an incident in which a suspect died in police custody and later protests turned into riots in Baltimore.
- 2016: The Shooting of Abdullahi Omar Mohamed sparked riots on the night of the shooting.
- 2020: The Death of George Floyd caused days of rioting in the Minneapolis-St Paul, MN metro area. This has further spread to the cities of New York City, Los Angeles, San Jose, San Francisco, Atlanta, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, Washington DC, Charlottesville, Charlotte, Baltimore, Portland, Dallas, Denver, St Louis, Oakland, Cincinnati, Bakersfield, Seattle, Boston, Memphis, Indianapolis, Las Vegas, Columbus, Kansas City, Sacramento, Omaha, Louisville, Phoenix, Albuquerque, Fort Worth, Richmond, Philadelphia, Visalia, Nashville, Buffalo, Rochester, Orlando, Tampa, San Diego, San Antonio, Oklahoma City, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Salt Lake City, Miami, Norfolk, Reno, Madison, Charleston, Santa Monica, Houston, Paducah and many other major cities within the US.
Asia
Azerbaijan
- Sumgait pogrom (1988), Anti-Armenian pogrom
- Kirovabad pogrom (1988), Anti-Armenian pogrom
- Baku pogrom (1990), Anti-Armenian pogrom
Bangladesh
- Noakhali riot
- 1950 Barisal Riots
- 1964 East-Pakistan riots
- Bangladesh (1990) – 1990 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
- Hathazari (2012) – 2012 Hathazari violence
- Ramu (2012) – 2012 Ramu violence
- Bangladesh (2013) – 2013 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
- Bangladesh – 2014 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
Burma
- 1930 Rangoon riots – Anti-Indian riots
- Mandalay (1997) – Anti-Muslim Riots
- Taungoo (2001) – Anti-Muslim Riots
China
- Nanjing anti-African protests (1988) – Nanjing
- Ghulja Incident, Xinjiang, China (1997)[35]
- 2002 Yizhou riots – Yizhou riots
- 2008 Tibetan unrest (2008) – Tibet, China
- 2008 Uyghur unrest
- June 2009 Shaoguan incident – Guangdong, China
- July 2009 Ürümqi riots – Xinjiang, China
Fiji
Indonesia
- Indonesia (1965) – Anti-Chinese riots[37]
- Jakarta, Surakarta (1998) – Anti-Chinese riots[38]
Israel
- Acre, Israel (2008) – Sectarian violence erupted on 8 October 2008 turning into 5 days of violence after an Arab Israeli citizen drove through a predominantly Jewish neighbourhood during Yom Kippur.[39][40][41]
- Tel Aviv (2012) – Race riots by Jewish Israelis against black African immigrants took place in May 2012 after the rape of an elderly woman, and an under age Israeli girl by South Sudanese men in front of her boyfriend.[42][43][44][45]
- Tel Aviv (2015) – After an Ethiopian-born IDF officer was beaten by an Israeli police officer and police volunteer, protests in Tel Aviv against racism and police brutality turned violent, with injuries among protesters and police.[46]
Malaysia
- Kuala Lumpur (1969) – May 13 Incident
- 2001 Kampung Medan riots
Pakistan
Palestine (British Mandate)
- Nebi Musa riots (1920) – Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Jerusalem
- Jaffa riots (1921) – Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Jaffa
- 1929 Palestine riots – Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Hebron, Safed, Jerusalem and Jaffa
- 1933 Palestine riots – Anti-Jewish riots due to Jewish immigration
- 1947 Jerusalem riots – Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Jerusalem
Singapore
- Singapore (1950) – Maria Hertogh riots
- Singapore (1964) – 1964 race riots in Singapore
- Singapore (1969) – 1969 Race Riots of Singapore
- Singapore (2013) – 2013 Little India Riot
Sri Lanka
- 1958 riots in Ceylon – Anti-Tamil riot
- 1977 riots in Sri Lanka – Anti-Tamil riot
- Black July - Anti-Tamil riot
- 1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots – Nationwide
- Gal Oya riots – 1956, Ampara District
- Burning of Jaffna library – 1981, Jaffna
- 2000 Bundarawela riots – Mawanella
- 2006 riots – Trincomalee, Galle
Europe
Belgium
- Antwerp (1941) – Antwerp pogrom
- Brussels (2006) – 2006 Brussels riots
Bulgaria
Denmark
- St. Croix riot (1873) – St. Croix Agricultural labor rioted against landlords and labor laws.
- Jewish skirmishes (1820–22) – Various Danish and German cities and towns.
France
- Perpignan (2005) – Perpignan Riots[48] between Maghrebi and Romani communities after a man of Maghrebi descent was shot dead.
- Avignon (September 2009) – between Turkish and Moroccan youths (one youth of African descent was dead)
- Ajaccio, Corsica (December 2015) – 2015 Corsican protests between locals and immigrants.
Germany
- Kristallnacht - Anti-Jewish riots
- The Neo-Nazi marches in Dresden have sparked many riots as recently as August 2015.[49]
Italy
- Milan (2007) – Milan Chinese riot[50][51]
- Rosarno (2010) – African immigrants riots[52]
- Bari (2011) – African immigrants[53][54]
- Lampedusa (2011) – African immigrants (mostly Tunisians) riots[55]
- Sassari (2015) – Refugees refuse to reside in provided buildings[56]
- Sesto Fiorentino (2016) – Chinese riots against Arab immigrants and refugees[57][58][59]
- Florence (2018) – Senegal community riot the city[60]
Poland
- Przytyk pogrom (1936) – anti-Jewish riots in Przytyk, on March 9, 1936
- Kraków pogrom (1945) – anti-Jewish riots that occurred on August 11, 1945, in the city of Kraków
- Kielce pogrom (1946) – an outbreak of violence against the Jewish community of Kielce, Poland on July 4, 1946
- Mława pogrom (1991) – a series of violent incidents in June 1991, when a crowd attacked Roma residents of the Polish town of Mława
- Ełk riots (2017) – During the New Year's Eve, a Polish man was stabbed to death by a Tunisian man - incident sparked the riots.
Russia
- Anti-Jewish pogroms
- Kondopoga (2006) – Anti-immigrant riots in Kondopoga, Karelia, Russia
- Moscow (2010) – Anti-immigrant riots on the Manezhnaya Square, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow (2013) – Anti-immigrant riots in Biryulyovo district of Moscow
Soviet Union
- Sumgait Massacre (1988) – anti-Armenian riots in Azerbaijan SSR during February 1988
- Uzbek SSR (1989) – After bloody riots against the Meskhetian Turks in Central Asia's Fergana Valley, nearly 90,000 Meskhetian Turks left Uzbekistan[61]
- Dushanbe riots (1990) – anti-Armenian unrest in Dushanbe, the capital of the Tajik SSR, from February 12–14, 1990.
- Osh riots (1990) – an ethnic conflict between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks that took place in June 1990 in the Kyrgyz SSR
Spain
- Almería (Poniente Almeriense) (2000) – Spain's race riots[62]
- Madrid (2007) – Madrid Riots[63]
- Roquetas de Mar, Almeria (2008) – Riot between Senegalese and Roma (Gypsy) families[64]
- Salou (2015) – African Riot[65]
Turkey
- Eastern Thrace – (1934 Thrace pogroms), anti-Jewish pogrom.
- Istanbul (1955) – Istanbul Riots, also known as Istanbul Pogrom.
Ukraine
- Odessa pogrom (1821) - Anti-Jewish riot
- Kiev pogrom (1881) - Anti-Jewish riot
- Odessa pogrom (1905) - Anti-Jewish riot
- Chernihiv pogrom (1905) - Anti-Jewish riot
- Kiev pogrom (1905) - Anti-Jewish riot
- Lwów pogrom (1914) - Anti-Jewish riot
- Lwów pogrom (1918) - Anti-Jewish riot
- Kiev pogroms (1919) - Anti-Jewish riots
- Lviv pogroms (1941) - Anti-Jewish riot
United Kingdom
- South Shields (February 1919) – South Shields
- Cardiff (June 1919) – Cardiff riots 1919
- Liverpool (June 1919) – Liverpool riot 1919
- London (April 1919) – Stepney
- London (May 1919) – St Anne Street
- London (June 1919) – Cable Street
- London (June 1919) – Poplar
- Birkenhead (1947) – Anti-Jewish riots
- Liverpool (August 1948) – Liverpool riot 1948
- Nottingham (August 1958) – Nottingham riot 1958
- London (1958) – 1958 Notting Hill race riots
- Leeds (1975) – 1975 Chapeltown riot
- London (1976) – 1976 Notting Hill race riots
- London (23 April 1979) – Southall race riot
- Bristol (1980) – 1980 St. Pauls riot
- London (April 1981) – 1981 Brixton riot
- Liverpool (July 1981) – 1981 Toxteth riots
- Birmingham (July 1981, 1985) – 1985 Handsworth riots
- Leeds (1981) – 1981 Chapeltown Caribbean riot
- Manchester (1981) – Moss Side
- London (1985) – Peckham riot
- London (September 1985) – 1985 Brixton riot
- London (October 1985) – Broadwater Farm riot
- Leeds (1987) – 1987 Chapeltown riot
- Dewsbury (1989) – 1989 Dewsbury riot
- North Shields (1991) – Benwell and The Meadow Well riots
- Oldham (May 2001) – 2001 Oldham riots
- Burnley (June 2001) – Burnley Riots
- Bradford (July 2001) – 2001 Bradford riots
- Stoke-on-Trent (July 2001)
- Birmingham (2005) – 2005 Birmingham riots
- London (2011) – 2011 London riots
Oceania
Australia
- Buckland Valley (1857) – Buckland Riot
- Burrangong (1860–1861) – Lambing Flat riots
- Broome (1905, 1914, 1920) – Broome riots
- Anti-Greek riots in Perth in 1915 and in Kalgoorlie in 1916
- 2004 Redfern riots
- Palm Island (2004) – Palm Island death in custody riot
- 2005 Cronulla riots
New Zealand
- Wellington (1943) – Battle of Manners Street, involved American servicemen and New Zealand servicemen
Solomon Islands
- Honiara (2006) – Anti-Chinese riots[66]
Tonga
- Nukuʻalofa (2006) – Anti-Chinese riots[67]
See also
References
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- ^ Ramon Aranda de los Rios, Carmela Sotomayor Roggero, Una sublevación negra en Chincha: 1879, pp. 238 & ff in "La Guerra del Pacífico", Volume 1, Wilson Reategui, Wilfredo Kapsoli & others, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 1979
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ August 'Snow-Storm' Brought Devastation To D.C.. NPR. July 5, 2012.
- ^ Snow-Storm in August: Washington City, Francis Scott Key, and the Forgotten Race Riot of 1835. 2012 book by Jefferson Morley.
- ^ No deaths were reported, but all Chinese and most other Asians were expelled from Seattle and Tacoma. Schwantes, Carlos A. "Protest in a Promised Land: Unemployment, Disinheritance, and the Origin of Labor Militancy in the Pacific Northwest, 1885–1886." Western Historical Quarterly. 13:4 (October 1982).
- ^ Thirty African Americans died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880–1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ^ a b c Carter, Darnell (1993). "The 1904, 1906, and 1921 Race Riots in Springfield, Ohio and the Hoodlum Theory". Etd.ohiolink.edu. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
- ^ Ten African Americans and two Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880–1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ^ Two African Americans and four Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880–1950, Yale University, 1979; Roberta Senechal, "Springfield Race Riot of 1908," Illinois History Teacher, Summer/Fall 1996.
- ^ According to federal, state and local government investigators, 39 African Americans died. But civilian investigations shortly after the riot indicate that between 100 and 200 African Americans died. The riot was notable for the brutality of white attackers, who used scalping, gouging out of eyes of victims. Some children were seen to kill others. Elliott M. Rudwick, Race Riot at East St. Louis, Southern Illinois University Press, 1964.
- ^ Twenty-three African Americans and 15 Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880–1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ^ Officially, 39 African Americans died. But more recent estimates are that between 150 and 200 African Americans and 50 Caucasians died, and some sources put the number of black dead at 300. James S. Hirsch, Riot and Remembrance: America's Worst Race Riot and Its Legacy, Mariner Books, 2003. ISBN 0-618-34076-9; Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880–1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ^ Officially, six African Americans and two Caucasians died. However, there is disagreement about the number of dead, and some estimates place the number of black dead between 40 and 150. Michael D'Orso, Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, Putnam Books, 1996. ISBN 1-57297-256-4.
- ^ a b "IV. Timeline: Asian Americans in Washington State History". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Racial Riots". Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ^ Twenty-five African Americans and nine Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880–1950, Yale University, 1979.
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- ^ Akilah Johnson (2 June 2017). "The forgotten riot that sparked Boston's racial unrest". The Boston Globe.
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- ^ Locke High School locked down after huge brawl, Los Angeles Times
- ^ "Xinjiang, China's Restive Northwest (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, November 2000)". Hrw.org. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ "Looting and race riots follow Fiji coup attempt". independent.
- ^ Indonesia Turns Its Chinese Into Scapegoats, New York Times
- ^ Anti-Chinese riots continue in Indonesia, CNN
- ^ Acre faces fourth night of riots, Al Jazeera English
- ^ Israeli City Divided by Sectarian Violence, New York Times, October 12, 2008
- ^ Police arrest Acre Yom Kippur driver Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine, Jpost, October 12, 2008
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- ^ "'Deport the Sudanese': Violent Israeli race riots draw condemnation, empathy". News.nationalpost.com. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ Anti-Police Protest in Israel Turns Violent The New York Times, 3 May 2015
- ^ "Roma riots stir unease in Bulgaria". Balkantimes.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ "'Race killing' sparks French riot". News.bbc.co.uk. 30 May 2005. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
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- ^ "Milan Chinese riot over traffic fine". Theaustralian.news.com.au. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ "Immigrants Riot In Rosarno, Italy". Huffington Post. January 8, 2010.
- ^ "Clashes between Italy police, immigrants injure 30". Reuters.com. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ freedom1164 (1 August 2011). "asylum seekers riot in bari italy". YouTube. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Police battle Tunisian migrants". Bbc.com. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ "Immigrati asserragliati a Sassari: seconda notte sul bus – Sardegna". Ansa.it. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ Squires, Nick (1 July 2016). "Police raid Italy's largest Chinatown to investigate attacks against Arab immigrants". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 September 2017 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
- ^ Reporter, Staff (1 July 2016). "Chinese 'White Stags' wage race war against Arab migrants in Tuscany town". Ibtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ "Two held for Chinese riot near Florence – English". Ansa.it. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ "Migrants protest angrily in Florence after Italian kills street vendor". Reuters.com. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ "Focus on Mesketian Turks". IRIN. 9 June 2005. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ "BBC News – EUROPE – Spain struggles with race riots". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
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- ^ African immigrants riot in Spain, BBC NEWS
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- ^ "The Pacific Proxy: China vs Taiwan" Archived 2007-11-04 at the Wayback Machine, Graeme Dobell, ABC Radio Australia, February 7, 2007
- ^ "Chinese stores looted in Tonga riots", People's Daily, November 17, 2006