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Orang Kaya Indera Perba Jelai

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Orang Kaya Indera Perba Jelai is a nobility title in Pahang Sultanate and one of the four highest ranking nobles below the monarch.[1] The title traces its origin from the times of the Old Pahang Sultanate, and was historically known as Seri Maharaja Perba.[2] The traditional pegangan ('fief') of the nobility is the land from Tanjung Lindung, the entire Jelai River basin (roughly covering the Cameron Highlands and Kuala Lipis constituencies), to the borders of Perak and Kelantan, excluding the Tembeling.[3] It is the largest fief in size and the farthest in distance from the royal court in Pekan, thus making the Maharaja Perba the most powerful among the four major chiefs.

During the reign of Raja Bendahara Tun Ali, with the gradual centralisation of the royal court, the title was renamed 'Orang Kaya Indera Maharaja Perba' with the added 'Orang Kaya Indera' prefixes.[4] In modern times, it was again renamed 'Orang Kaya Indera Perba Jelai'.[5]

Role

Historically, the Orang Kaya Indera Perba was part of the Orang Besar Berempat ('four major chiefs') that wielded very wide powers in Pahang. They had the authority to impose taxation and to decide all criminal and civil cases except those which involved capital punishment. In fact, their power was limited only by the capacity of the monarch to restrain them, and it varied according to their proximity to Pekan, the further from the court, the greater their authority. They were obliged to appear at Pekan once a year to menjunjung duli ('pay homage'). They had to pay a form of tribute called banchi to the monarch. Their districts were subject to serahan; the obligation to buy, at exorbitant prices, goods the monopoly for the sale of which, in certain localities the ruler was in the habit of granting to one of his favourites.[6]

In the month of Muharram. they appeared at court with offerings. In the time of war they were required to take the field with men, arms and food. The installation of the monarch was incomplete unless the Orang Besar Berempat assisted thereat. The Pahang constitutional theory was that the Orang Besar Berempat and, to a lesser degree, the other chiefs were the foundation upon which the monarch's authority rested.[7]

During the time of Johor Empire, the four major chiefs gave allegiance to the Bendahara as representing the Sultan, but, in time, the sovereign being to them a nebulous figure, their allegiance tended to become more and more a matter of loyalty to the Bendahara personally. This became formally sealed with the establishment of Pahang Kingdom in the late 18th century.[8]

Succession

The titles of the Orang Besar Berempat were hereditary. When a chief died, his successor, before approval of his appointment, was required to make a ceremonial offering to the monarch. This usually took the shape of gold-hilted kris, but other forms of offering were permissible. If the eldest son of a deceased chief were unfitted for the succession, it was proper to appoint a younger son, a brother, or a nephew to the chieftaincy.[9]

Genealogical tree

There are varying genealogical accounts extant of the powerful family of the Jelai Chiefs. One of which, the oldest, was at one time in the possession of one of the eight nobles, Orang Kaya Maharaja Setia Raja Haji Wan Daud. It lay claim that the Jelai Chiefs family were of Minangkabau origin.[10] Another account, collected by Arthur Furley Worthington from Che Sat of Penjom, attributes the family to Perak origin.[11]

According to another account possessed by the Jelai Chief family itself,[12] which doesn't specify the family's origin, the first Maharaja Perba was said to have purchased from the Sultan of Johor territory in Pahang extending from Tanjong Lindong (above modern day Jerantut) to the boundaries of Perak and Kelantan. The price was a levelled (or full) gantang of gold, a coconut-shaped vessel filled with gold, and an arm-sleeveful of gold.[13] This account is taken as the most faithful so far, since it is corroborated by Pahang tradition emanating from another source, Hikayat Pahang serta Johor.[14] The authenticated descent of the family of Maharaja Perba follows:[15]

Family tree of Orang Kaya Indera Perba Jelai
Seri Maharaja Perba I
1592-1638
Wan Muhammad
Seri Maharaja Perba II
'Maharaja Dalam' or 'Raja Muda'
1663-1688
Wan Ismail
Seri Maharaja Perba III
1688-1699
Wan Muhammad
Seri Maharaja Perba IV
1699-1797
Wan Pahang
Panglima Perang		Wan Idris
Orang Kaya Indera Maharaja Perba Jelai V
1797-1882
Wan Daud
Dato' Maharaja Setia Raja		Wan Bong
Panglima Perang Kiri		Wan Muhammad
Orang Kaya Indera Maharaja Perba Jelai VI
1882-1919
Wan Da
♀ a daughterWan Chik
Orang Kaya Indera Maharaja Perba Jelai VII
1919		Wan Tanjung
Orang Kaya Indera Maharaja Perba Jelai VIII
1919-1935
Wan Ali
Orang Kaya Indera Maharaja Perba Jelai IX
1935-1957		Wan Ibrahim
Orang Kaya Indera Maharaja Perba Jelai IX
1957-1991
Wan Badiuzzaman
Orang Kaya Indera Maharaja Perba Jelai XI
1991-2008		Wan Abdul Rahman
Orang Kaya Indera Maharaja Perba Jelai XII
2008-

See also

References

  1. ^ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 82
  2. ^ Linehan 1973, pp. 190–194
  3. ^ Wan Haji Abdul Wahid Bin Haji Wan Hassan 2016
  4. ^ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 82
  5. ^ Wan Haji Abdul Wahid Bin Haji Wan Hassan 2016
  6. ^ Linehan 1973, p. 196
  7. ^ Linehan 1973, p. 196
  8. ^ Linehan 1973, p. 197
  9. ^ Linehan 1973, p. 197
  10. ^ Linehan 1973, p. 190
  11. ^ Linehan 1973, pp. 190–191
  12. ^ Linehan 1973, p. 190
  13. ^ Linehan 1973, p. 191
  14. ^ Linehan 1973, p. 192
  15. ^ Linehan 1973, p. 193

Bibliography

  • Linehan, William (1973), History of Pahang, Malaysian Branch Of The Royal Asiatic Society, Kuala Lumpur, ISBN 978-0710-101-37-2
  • Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), The Encyclopedia of Malaysia, vol. 16 - The Rulers of Malaysia, Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 978-981-3018-54-9
  • Wan Haji Abdul Wahid Bin Haji Wan Hassan (2016), Pengenalan Orang Besar Berempat (Introduction to the four major chiefs), Portal Diraja Pahang. Pejabat KDYTM Tengku Mahkota Pahang
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