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Potteries dialect

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Potteries
Native toEngland
RegionNorth Staffordshire
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
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Location of Stoke-on-Trent on a map of England, Potteries dialect is mostly concentrated in this area of the country.

Potteries is an English dialect of the West Midlands of England, almost exclusively in and around Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.

Origin and history

As with most local dialects in English, Potteries dialect derives originally from Anglo Saxon Old English. The 14th-century Anglo Saxon poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which appears in the Cotton Nero A.x manuscript uses dialect words native to the Potteries, leading some scholars to believe that it was written by a monk from Dieulacres Abbey.[1] However, the most commonly suggested candidate for authorship is John Massey of Cotton, Cheshire[2] (now part of Cranage outside Holmes Chapel).[3] The same manuscript also contains three religious alliterative poems, Cleanness, Patience and Pearl,[4] which are attributed to the same unknown author.[5][6] Although the identity of the author is still disputed, J. R. R. Tolkien and E. V. Gordon writing in 1925 concluded that "his home was in the West Midlands of England; so much his language shows, and his metre, and his scenery."[7]

The first documented instance of Potteries dialect is by the prominent Staffordshire lawyer John Ward (1781–1870) and local historian Simeon Shaw[8] in their book The Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent published in 1843, in which Ward recorded phonetically a conversation which he overheard in Burslem marketplace in 1810. In the passage, entitled A Burslem Dialogue, Ward provided an explanation of some of the words unique to the district: ‘mewds’ (moulds), ‘kale’ (being called upon in order, first, second….), ‘heo’ (she), ‘shippon’ (a cow-house).[9]

From the 1750s onwards the Industrial Revolution created a high concentration of workforce in the ceramic[10] and coal mining industries, working in close proximity in Stoke-on-Trent. This allowed the dialect to develop as a way of speech specific to those industries.[9]

Some observers of Potteries dialect in the 21st century fear it is dying out as a living speech, as fewer young people use it in everyday conversation. Steve Birks cites increased ease of travel, the decline of the pottery industry leading to people moving out of the area to find work, the prevalence of and exposure to Received Pronunciation through television and radio, and the uniformity of the British education system as contributing factors in the decline of the dialect.[9] Alan Povey has predicted that his will be the last generation that speaks Potteries dialect, and that after his generation is gone the dialect will die out for good.[11] However Birks points out that there have been attempts to eradicate the dialect since the 19th century which were unsuccessful. John Ward writing in 1843 noted that the Potteries dialect was "now almost banished by the schoolmasters assiduous care". Birks also writes that dialect is still used widely amongst local residents, and is toned down when speaking to visitors to the city to be intelligible to them, which shows the dialect is still present in everyday conversation. He also states that there is "a growing interest in preserving, reading about and speaking dialects."[9]

Phonology

The linguist Graham Pointon, a native of the Potteries, has noted the following phonological differences between RP and the modern Potteries accent.[12]

  • There is no phoneme /ŋ/, although [ŋ] occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /k, g/. Thus, singer rhymes with finger.
  • The three RP vowels /ʊ, uː, ʌ/ are replaced by two, with different distributions. Most cases of RP /ʌ/ are realised with a sound [ɔ], so that pairs such as but-bought, pun-pawn, full-fall are distinguished by length alone.[13] Some cases of /ʊ/ also use [ɔ], whereas other words (e.g. book) use a long vowel [u:]
  • As with most other dialects in the northern half of England, there is no trap-bath split. The /ɑ:/ phoneme is mostly restricted to stressed word-final position (e.g. spa) and to words when an historic /l/ or /r/ has been elided (e.g. palm, farm).
  • H-dropping is common, and conversely any word beginning with a vowel may be emphasised with an initial [h].

The traditional dialect differs much more from RP, but (as with all dialects in England) it is now confined to older residents. The Potteries dialect descends from the West Midlands dialect of Middle English (ME), whereas modern Standard English descends from the East Midlands dialect.

  • ME /a/ became /ɒ/ in the West Midland area, so that man is pronounced /mɒn/, and cannot is /kɒnə/.
  • ME /eː/ has diphthongised in many cases to /ei/. This has been kept distinct from ME /ai/ which has become a closer monophthongal vowel /iː/. Therefore, see is pronounced /sei/ whereas say is pronounced /siː/.
  • ME /iː/ has in many cases merged with ME /eː/ – wife /weif/, mice /meis/. Elsewhere it has undergone the general vowel shift to /ai/, and then simplified to /aː/ and then to /ɑː/ my wife is often called /ˈmɑː liːdi/ (= “my lady”).
  • ME /el/ has opened to /al/: for example, tell is pronounced /tal/. In final /al/, the /l/ has vocalized and the /a/ backed and risen to form a diphthong /ou/: therefore, ball is pronounced /bou/.[14]

The traditional dialect also preserves older second person singular forms for modal verbs, such as /kɒst/ for can you?[14]

Lexicon

Like all English dialects, the Potteries dialect derives from Anglo-Saxon Old English. Example words and phrases:

  • "Nesh" meaning soft, tender, or to easily get cold is derived from the early English, "nesc, nescenes."
  • "Slat" meaning to throw, is from the old English "slath,” moved.
  • "Fang" meaning catch or seize, as in "Fang 'owd of this" – "catch hold of this", is from Old English "fang, fangen". It is a cognate with the modern Swedish word "fånga", as well as the Norwegian word "fange" and the Dutch word "vangen" and German verb "fangen", which means "to catch".
  • "Sheed" meaning to spill liquids, most likely derived from the word "shed" in the sense of getting rid of something.
  • "Duck" a common term of affection towards both men and women as in "Tow rate owd duck?". "Are you all right dear?" Duck being derived from the Saxon word "ducas" as a term of respect, which by another route is where the word "Duke" arises from in English. Duck in this context may also relate to the Roman military honorific "Dux", meaning troop or tribal leader, but it is unclear if ducas pre-dates Dux or if they are etymologically related.
  • "Spanwanned" (agricultural) meaning the state of being stuck astride a wall whilst attempting to climb over it. Probably from the Saxon "spannan winnan", Span Woe.
  • "Kidda" meaning mate, friend, or to refer to a child or family member. Compare to "kiddo" which is used in parts of North America for a similar purpose.
  • "Bank" meaning hill; also "upbank" and "downbank" for uphill and downhill. e.g. "Tine 'Ow Bank" (Town Hall Bank), local name for Butlers Hill in Cheadle, Staffordshire Moorlands.
  • "Bank" also appears as in "pot bank", which is a location where pottery is produced.
  • "Lobby" is a local stew similar to the Liverpudlian stew scouse.
  • "Gancie" is a word for a jumper/sweater, it comes from the name of the wool.
  • "Cost kick a bo agen a wo an yed it til it bosts?" means ... Can you kick a ball against a wall and head it until it bursts?
  • "My Lady" or "Thy lady", with the emphasis on the first word, refer to one's female girlfriend, partner or spouse. The "y" in My and Thy is pronounced long as "ah", so these are rendered as "Mar Lady" and "Thar Lady".

A popular cartoon called May un Mar Lady, created by Dave Follows, appears in The Sentinel newspaper and is written in the Potteries dialect. A local weekly paper, the 'Cheadle & Tean Times', also carries a short column by 'Sosh' remarking on local happenings as a monologue in Staffordshire dialect. Previously The Sentinel has carried other stories in the dialect, most notably the Jabez stories written by Wilfred Bloor under the pseudonym of A Scott[15] Alan Povey's Owd Grandad Piggott stories which have aired on BBC Radio Stoke for a number of years are recited in the Potteries dialect by the author.[16]

The Potteries accent is much more difficult to imitate than the better known Cockney, Scouse, Brummie or Geordie; and few actors from outside the Potteries have managed to master it. Neither in the 1952 film "The Card" nor in the 1976 TV series "Clayhanger", did any actor give a reasonable rendition of the accent. Ken Loach's 1971 film The Rank and File was set in the Potteries and attempted to use the local dialect, but many of the actors were recruited from the film The Big Flame which was set in Liverpool and used Scouse. However, Toby Jones carried off the accent near flawlessly in the award winning film Marvellous. His father, actor Freddie Jones, was born in the Potteries.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Sir Gawain & The Green Knight". Stoke & Staffordshire > Entertainment > Poetry. BBC. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  2. ^ Peterson, Clifford J. "The Pearl-Poet and John Massey of Cotton, Cheshire". The Review of English Studies, New Series. (1974) 25.99 pp. 257–266.
  3. ^ Langston, Brett. "Cheshire Towns: Cotton". UK and Ireland Genealogy. Genuki. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  4. ^ Head, Dominic (2006). Dominic Head (ed.). The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English (Third ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-521-83179-6. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  5. ^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. 8th ed. Vol. B. New York, London: W. W. Norton and Co., 2006. pp. 19–21 and 160–161. ISBN 0-393-92833-0
  6. ^ "Web Resources for Pearl-poet Study: A Vetted Selection". Univ. of Calgary. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
  7. ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Edited J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon, revised Norman Davis, 1925. introduction, xv. ASIN B000IPU84U
  8. ^ Cooper, Betty. "John Ward (1781–1870)". North Staffordshire Coalfield. The Phoenix Trust, North Staffordshire Coalfield. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d Birks, Steve. "The history of the Potteries dialect". BBC Stoke & Staffordshire-Voices. BBC. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  10. ^ Patterns of Labour – Work and Social Change in the Pottery Industry. Richard Whipp. Routlidge 1990
  11. ^ Helliwell, Katie. "BBC Stoke's Katie Helliwell investigates – do kids understand Potteries dialect?". BBC Stoke; Listen to Stoke Accents. BBC. Retrieved 26 March 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ http://www.linguism.co.uk/language/potteries-phonology Potteries Phonology, Graham Pointon, Linguism, 26 October 2013
  13. ^ http://www.linguism.co.uk/language/uttoxeter Uttoxeter, Graham Pointon, Linguism, 3 February 2010
  14. ^ a b http://www.linguism.co.uk/language/pottery-phonology-2 Potteries Phonology (2), Graham Pointon, Linguism, 3 November 2013
  15. ^ The Wilfred Bloor Papers "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ "Dave Follows – tributes to the cartoonists' cartoonist". BBC Stoke & Staffordshire. British Broadcasting Corporation. October 2003. Retrieved 14 May 2007.

Bibliography

Further reading

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