List of recently extinct mammals
![Chart showing the biodiversity of large mammal species per continent before and after humans arrived there](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif)
- Extinct in the wild (EW): 2 species
- Critically endangered (CR): 203 species
- Endangered (EN): 505 species
- Vulnerable (VU): 536 species
- Near threatened (NT): 345 species
- Least concern (LC): 3,306 species
- Data deficient (DD): 872 species
- 5850 extant species have been evaluated
- 4978 of those are fully assessed[a]
- 3651 are not threatened at present[b]
- 1244 to 2116 are threatened[c]
- 81 to 83 are extinct or extinct in the wild:
- 81 extinct (EX) species[d]
- 2 extinct in the wild (EW)
- 0 possibly extinct [CR(PE)]
- 0 possibly extinct in the wild [CR(PEW)]
- ^ excludes data deficient evaluations.
- ^ NT and LC.
- ^ Threatened comprises CR, EN and VU. Upper estimate additionally includes DD.
- ^ Chart omits extinct (EX) species
Recently extinct mammals are defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as any mammals that have become extinct since the year 1500 CE.[1] Since then, roughly 80 mammal species have become extinct.[2]
Extinction of taxa is difficult to confirm, as a long gap without a sighting is not definitive, but before 1995 a threshold of 50 years without a sighting was used to declare extinction.[1]
One study found that extinction from habitat loss is the hardest to detect, as this might only fragment populations to the point of concealment from humans. Some mammals declared as extinct may very well reappear.[1] For example, a study found that 36% of purported mammalian extinction had been resolved, while the rest either had validity issues (insufficient evidence) or had been rediscovered.[3]
As of December 2015, the IUCN listed 30 mammalian species as "critically endangered (possibly extinct)".[4]
Conventions
All species listed as "Extinct" are classified as being extinct (no known remaining individuals left) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). All species listed as Extinct in the wild are classified as being extinct in the wild, meaning that all remaining individuals of the species reside in captivity. All species listed as "Possibly extinct" are classified as being critically endangered, as it is unknown whether or not these species are extinct.[5] Extinct subspecies such as the Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica)[6] are not listed here as the species, in this case Panthera tigris, is still extant. The IUCN Redlist classification for each species serves as a citation, and the superscripted "IUCN" by the date is a link to that species' page. A range map is provided wherever available, and a description of their former or current range is given if a range map is not available.
Causes of extinction
Habitat degradation is currently the main anthropogenic cause of species extinctions. The main cause of habitat degradation worldwide is agriculture, with urban sprawl, logging, mining and some fishing practices close behind. The physical destruction of a habitat, both directly (deforestation for land development or lumber) and indirectly (burning fossil fuels), is an example of this.[7][8]
Also, increasing toxicity, through media such as pesticides, can kill off a species very rapidly, by killing all living members through contamination or sterilizing them. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), for example, can bioaccumulate to hazardous levels, getting increasingly more dangerous further up the food chain.[9]
Disease can also be a factor: white nose syndrome in bats, for example, is causing a substantial decline in their populations and may even lead to the extinction of a species.[10]
Overhunting also has an impact. Terrestrial mammals, such as the tiger and deer, are mainly hunted for their pelts and in some cases meat, and marine mammals can be hunted for their oil and leather. Specific targeting of one species can be problematic to the ecosystem because the sudden demise of one species can inadvertently lead to the demise of another (coextinction) especially if the targeted species is a keystone species. Sea otters, for example, were hunted in the maritime fur trade, and their drop in population led to the rise in sea urchins—their main food source—which decreased the population of kelp—the sea urchin's and Steller's sea cow's main food source—leading to the extinction of the Steller's sea cow.[11] The hunting of an already limited species can easily lead to its extinction, as with the bluebuck whose range was confined to 1,700 square miles (4,400 km2) and which was hunted into extinction soon after discovery by European settlers.[12]
Australia
Island creatures are usually endemic to only that island, and that limited range and small population can leave them vulnerable to sudden changes.[13] Australia and its unique fauna have suffered an extreme decline in mammal species, 10% of its 273 terrestrial mammals, since European settlement (a loss of one to two species per decade); in contrast, only one species in North America has become extinct since European settlement. Furthermore, 21% of Australia's mammals are threatened, and unlike in most other continents, the main cause is predation by feral species, such as cats.[14]
Extinct species
A species is declared extinct after exhaustive surveys of all potential habitats eliminate all reasonable doubt that the last individual of a species, whether in the wild or in captivity, has died.[15] Recently extinct species are defined by the IUCN as becoming extinct after 1500 CE.[1]
Common name | Binomial name | Order | Date of extinction | Former range | Picture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Broad-faced potoroo | Potorous platyops Gould, 1844 |
Diprotodontia | 1875 IUCN | Australia | ![]() |
Eastern hare wallaby | Lagorchestes leporides Gould, 1841 |
Diprotodontia | 1889 IUCN | ![]() Australia |
![]() |
Lake Mackay hare-wallaby | Lagorchestes asomatus Finlayson, 1943 |
Diprotodontia | 1932 IUCN | Australia | |
Desert rat-kangaroo | Caloprymnus campestris Gould, 1843 |
Diprotodontia | 1935 IUCN | ![]() Australia |
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Tasmanian tiger, or Tasmanian wolf |
Thylacinus cynocephalus Harris, 1808 |
Dasyuromorphia | 1936 IUCN | ![]() Australia, Tasmania |
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Toolache wallaby | Macropus greyi Waterhouse, 1846 |
Diprotodontia | 1939 IUCN | Australia | ![]() |
Desert bandicoot | Perameles eremiana Spencer, 1837 |
Peramelemorphia | 1943 IUCN | Australia | |
Lesser bilby, or yallara |
Macrotis leucura Thomas, 1887 |
Peramelemorphia | 1960s IUCN | ![]() Australia |
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Pig-footed bandicoot | Chaeropus ecaudatus Ogilby, 1838 |
Peramelemorphia | 1950s IUCN | ![]() Australia |
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Crescent nailtail wallaby | Onychogalea lunata Gould, 1841 |
Diprotodontia | 1956 IUCN | Australia (western and central) | ![]() |
Red-bellied gracile opossum, or Red-bellied gracile mouse opossum |
Cryptonanus ignitus Díaz, Flores and Barquez, 2002 |
Didelphimorphia | 1962 IUCN | Argentina | |
Nullarbor dwarf bettong | Bettongia pusilla McNamara, 1997 |
Diprotodontia | 1500 |
Australia, Nullarbor Plain | |
Steller's sea cow | Hydrodamalis gigas von Zimmermann, 1780 |
Sirenia | 1768 IUCN | Commander Islands | ![]() |
Bramble Cay melomys | Melomys rubicola Thomas, 1924 |
Rodentia | Australia, Bramble Cay | ![]() | |
Oriente cave rat | Boromys offella Miller, 1916 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
Cuba | ![]() |
Torre's cave rat | Boromys torrei Allen, 1917 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
Cuba | ![]() |
Imposter hutia | Hexolobodon phenax Miller, 1929 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
Hispaniola | |
Montane hutia | Isolobodon montanus Miller, 1922 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
Hispaniola | |
Lagostomus crassus Thomas, 1910 |
Rodentia | 1900 |
Peru | ||
Galápagos giant rat | Megaoryzomys curioi Niethammer, 1964 |
Rodentia | 1500s IUCN | Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos | |
Cuban coney | Geocapromys columbianus Chapman, 1892 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
Cuba | |
Hispaniolan edible rat | Brotomys voratus Miller, 1916 |
Rodentia | 1536–1546 IUCN | Hispaniola | |
Puerto Rican hutia | Isolobodon portoricensis Allen, 1916 |
Rodentia | 1900 |
Hispaniola and introduced to Puerto Rico, Saint Thomas Island, Saint Croix Island and Mona Island | |
Big-eared hopping mouse | Notomys macrotis Thomas, 1921 |
Rodentia | 1843 IUCN | Australia (central Western Australia) | |
Darling Downs hopping mouse | Notomys mordax Thomas, 1921 |
Rodentia | 1846 IUCN | Australia (Darling Downs, Queensland) | |
White-footed rabbit-rat | Conilurus albipes Lichtenstein, 1829 |
Rodentia | 1860 |
Australia, eastern coast | ![]() |
Capricorn rabbit rat | Conilurus capricornensis Cramb and Hocknull, 2010 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
Australia, Queensland | |
St Lucy giant rice rat, or Santa Lucian pilorie |
Megalomys luciae Major, 1901 |
Rodentia | 1881 IUCN | Saint Lucia | ![]() |
Short-tailed hopping mouse | Notomys amplus Brazenor, 1936 |
Rodentia | 1896 IUCN | Australia, Great Sandy Desert | |
Nelson's rice rat | Oryzomys nelsoni Merriam, 1889 |
Rodentia | 1897 IUCN | Islas Marías | ![]() |
Long-tailed hopping mouse | Notomys longicaudatus Gould, 1844 |
Rodentia | 1901 IUCN | Australia | |
Great hopping mouse | Notomys robustus Mahoney, Smith and Medlin, 2008 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
Australia, Flinders and Davenport Ranges | |
Desmarest's pilorie, or Antillean giant rice rat |
Megalomys desmarestii Fischer, 1829 |
Rodentia | 1902 IUCN | Martinique | ![]() |
Bulldog rat | Rattus nativitatis Thomas, 1888 |
Rodentia | 1903 IUCN | Christmas Island | ![]() |
Maclear's rat | Rattus macleari Thomas, 1887 |
Rodentia | 1903 IUCN | Christmas Island | ![]() |
Darwin's Galapagos mouse | Nesoryzomys darwini Osgood, 1929 |
Rodentia | 1930 IUCN | Galapagos Islands | |
Gould's mouse | Pseudomys gouldii Waterhouse, 1839 |
Rodentia | 1930 IUCN | Australia, southern half | ![]() |
Long-eared mouse | Pseudomys auritus Thomas, 1910 |
Rodentia | 1800 |
Australia, Kangaroo Island and the Younghusband Peninsula | |
Pemberton's deer mouse | Peromyscus pembertoni Burt, 1932 |
Rodentia | 1931 IUCN | San Pedro Nolasco Island | |
Samana hutia | Plagiodontia ipnaeum Johnson, 1948 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
Hispaniola | |
Hispaniola monkey | Antillothrix bernensis MacPhee, Horovitz, Arredondo, & Jimenez Vasquez, 1995 |
Primates | 16th century | Dominican Republic | |
Lesser stick-nest rat, or white-tipped stick-nest rat |
Leporillus apicalis John Gould, 1854 |
Rodentia | 1933 IUCN | Australia, west-central | ![]() |
Indefatigable Galapagos mouse | Nesoryzomys indefessus Thomas, 1899 |
Rodentia | 1934 IUCN | Galapagos Islands | |
Little Swan Island hutia | Geocapromys thoracatus True, 1888 |
Rodentia | 1955 IUCN | Swan Islands | |
Blue-gray mouse | Pseudomys glaucus Thomas, 1910 |
Rodentia | 1956 IUCN | Australia, Queensland and New South Wales | |
Buhler's coryphomys, or Buhler's rat |
Coryphomys buehleri Schaub, 1937 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
Timor | |
Insular cave rat | Heteropsomys insulans Anthony, 1916 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
Puerto Rico and the Vieques Island | |
Candango mouse | Juscelinomys candango Moojen, 1965 |
Rodentia | 1960 IUCN | Central Brazil | |
Anthony's woodrat | Neotoma anthonyi Allen, 1898 |
Rodentia | 1926 IUCN | Isla Todos Santos | |
Bunker's woodrat | Neotoma bunkeri Burt, 1932 |
Rodentia | 1931 IUCN | Coronado Islands | |
San Martín Island woodrat | Neotoma martinensis Goldman, 1905 |
Rodentia | 1950s | San Martín Island, Baja California | |
Vespucci's rodent | Noronhomys vespuccii Carleton and Olson, 1999 |
Rodentia | 1500 IUCN | Fernando de Noronha | |
St. Vincent colilargo, or St. Vincent pygmy rice rat |
Oligoryzomys victus Thomas, 1898 |
Rodentia | 1892 IUCN | Saint Vincent | |
Jamaican rice rat | Oryzomys antillarum Thomas, 1898 |
Rodentia | 1877 IUCN | Jamaica | ![]() |
Nevis Rice Rat, or St. Eustatius rice rat, St. Kitts rice rat |
Pennatomys nivalis Turvey, Weksler, Morris, and Nokkert, 2010 |
Rodentia | 1500 |
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|
Christmas Island pipistrelle | Pipistrellus murrayi Andrews, 1900 |
Chiroptera | 2009 IUCN | Christmas Island | |
Sardinian pika | Prolagus sardus Wagner, 1832 |
Lagomorpha | 1774 IUCN | Corsica, Sardinia and nearby islands | ![]() |
Marcano's solenodon | Solenodon marcanoi Patterson, 1962 |
Eulipotyphla | 1500s IUCN | Dominican Republic | |
Puerto Rican nesophontes | Nesophontes edithae Anthony, 1916 |
Eulipotyphla | 1500 |
Puerto Rico, Vieques Island, St. John, and St. Thomas | ![]() |
Atalaye nesophontes | Nesophontes hypomicrus Miller, 1929 |
Eulipotyphla | 1500 |
Hispaniola | |
Greater Cuban nesophontes | Nesophontes major Arredondo, 1970 |
Eulipotyphla | 1500 |
Cuba | |
Western Cuban nesophontes | Nesophontes micrus Allen, 1917 |
Eulipotyphla | 1500 |
Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud | |
St. Michel nesophontes | Nesophontes paramicrus Miller, 1929 |
Eulipotyphla | 1500 |
Haiti | |
Haitian nesophontes | Nesophontes zamicrus Miller, 1929 |
Eulipotyphla | 1500 |
Haiti | |
Lesser Mascarene flying fox, or dark flying fox |
Pteropus subniger kerr, 1792 |
Chiroptera | 1864 IUCN | Réunion and Mauritius | ![]() |
Guam flying fox, or Guam fruit bat |
Pteropus tokudae Tate, 1934 |
Chiroptera | 1968 IUCN | Guam | |
Dusky flying fox, or Percy Island flying fox |
Pteropus brunneus Dobson, 1878 |
Chiroptera | 1870 IUCN | Percy Island | |
Large Palau flying fox | Pteropus pilosus Andersen, 1908 |
Chiroptera | 1874 IUCN | Palau | |
Large sloth lemur | Palaeopropithecus ingens Grandidier, 1899 |
Primate | 1620 IUCN | ![]() In green |
![]() |
Jamaican monkey | Xenothrix mcgregori Williams and Koopman, 1952 |
Primate | 1700 |
Jamaica, Long Mile Cave | |
Aurochs | Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827 |
Artiodactyla | 1627 IUCN | ![]() |
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Bluebuck | Hippotragus leucophaeus Pallas, 1766 |
Artiodactyla | 1800 IUCN | ![]() |
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Red gazelle | Eudorcas rufina Thomas, 1894 |
Artiodactyla | 1800 |
Algeria | ![]() |
Schomburgk's deer | Rucervus schomburgki Blyth, 1863 |
Artiodactyla | 1932 IUCN | Thailand | ![]() |
Queen of Sheba's gazelle, or Yemen gazelle |
Gazella bilkis Grover and Lay, 1985 |
Artiodactyla | 1951 IUCN | Yemen | |
Saudi gazelle | Gazella saudiya Carruthers and Schwarz, 1935 |
Artiodactyla | 2008 IUCN [c] | Arabian Peninsula | |
Madagascan dwarf hippopotamus, or Malagasy hippo |
Hippopotamus lemerlei Milne-Edwards, 1868 |
Artiodactyla | 1500 |
Madagascar | ![]() |
Madagascan dwarf hippopotamus, or Madagascan pygmy Hippo, Malagasy hippo |
Hippopotamus madagascariensis Guldberg, 1883 |
Artiodactyla | 1500 |
Madagascar | ![]() |
Falkland Islands wolf, or warrah |
Dusicyon australis Kerr, 1792 |
Carnivora | 1876 IUCN | Falkland Islands | ![]() |
Dusicyon avus Burmeister, 1866 |
Carnivora | 1500 |
Patagonia | ||
Sea mink | Neovison macrodon Prentiss, 1903 |
Carnivora | 1894 IUCN | Northeastern North America | |
Japanese sea lion | Zalophus japonicus Peters, 1866 |
Carnivora | 1970s IUCN | Japan | |
Caribbean monk seal | Neomonachus tropicalis Gray, 1850 |
Carnivora | 1952 IUCN | Caribbean Sea | ![]() |
Giant fossa | Cryptoprocta spelea Grandidier, 1902 |
Carnivora | 1500 |
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Western black rhinoceros | Diceros bicornis longipes Zukowsky, 1949 |
Perissodactyla | 2011 IUCN | Africa |
Extinct in the wild
A species that is extinct in the wild is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as only known by living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat loss. A species is declared extinct in the wild after thorough surveys have inspected its historic range and failed to find evidence of a surviving individual.[15]
Common name | Binomial name | Order | Date of extinction | Former range | Picture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Père David's deer | Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edwards, 1866 |
Artiodactyla | 1939 IUCN | China | ![]() |
Scimitar oryx | Oryx dammah Cretzschmar, 1827 |
Artiodactyla | 2000 IUCN | Sahara desert | ![]() |
Possibly extinct
Extinction of taxa is difficult to detect, as a long gap without a sighting is not definitive. Some mammals declared as extinct may very well reappear.[1] For example, a study found that 36% of purported mammalian extinction had been resolved, while the rest either had validity issues (insufficient evidence) or had been rediscovered.[3] As of December 2015, the IUCN listed 30 mammalian species as "critically endangered (possibly extinct)".[4]
Common name | Binomial name | Order | Last confirmed sighting | Range | Picture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kouprey, or gray ox, forest ox | Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937 |
Artiodactyla | 1988 IUCN | ![]() |
|
Garrido's hutia | Capromys garridoi Varona, 1970 |
Rodentia | 1989 IUCN[dead link] | Cayo Maja | |
Christmas Island shrew | Crocidura trichura Dobson, 1889 |
Rodentia | 1985 IUCN | ![]() |
|
Wimmer's shrew | Crocidura wimmeri de Balsac and Aellen, 1958 |
Rodentia | 1976 IUCN | ![]() |
|
De Winton's golden mole | Cryptochloris wintoni Broom, 1907 |
Rodentia | 1937 IUCN | ![]() |
|
Baiji, or Yangtze river dolphin, whitefin dolphin, white flag dolphin, Chinese lake dolphin, Changjiang dolphin |
Lipotes vexillifer Miller, 1918 |
Cetacea | 2002 [f] IUCN | ![]() | |
Zuniga's dark rice rat | Melanomys zunigae Sanborn |
Rodentia | 1949 IUCN | Peru, Lomas de Atocongo (hills near Lima) | |
Dwarf hutia | Mesocapromys nanus Allen, 1917 |
Rodentia | 1937 IUCN | Ciénaga de Zapata | |
San Felipe hutia, or little Earth hutia | Mesocapromys sanfelipensis Varona & Garrido, 1970 |
Rodentia | 1978 IUCN | Cuba | |
One-striped opossum | Monodelphis unistriata Wagner, 1842 |
Didelphimorphia | 1899 IUCN | ![]() |
|
Gloomy tube-nosed bat | Murina tenebrosa Yoshiyuki, 1970 |
Chiroptera | 1962 IUCN | Tsushima Island and possibly Yaku Island | |
New Zealand greater short-tailed bat | Mystacina robusta Dwyer, 1962 |
Chiroptera | 1967 IUCN | Big South Cape Island | ![]() |
Ethiopian amphibious rat, or Ethiopian water mouse | Nilopegamys plumbeus Osgood, 1928 |
Rodentia | 1920s IUCN | Mouth of the Lesser Abay River | |
Lord Howe long-eared bat | Nyctophilus howensis McKean, 1975 |
Chiroptera | 1972 IUCN | Lord Howe Island | |
Angel Island mouse | Peromyscus guardia Townsend, 1912 |
Rodentia | 1991 IUCN | Isla Ángel de la Guarda | |
Puebla deer mouse | Peromyscus mekisturus Merriam, 1898 |
Rodentia | 1950s IUCN | Ciudad Serdan and Tehuacán | |
Telefomin cuscus | Phalanger matanim Flannery, 1987 |
Diprotodontia | 1997 IUCN | ![]() |
|
Montane monkey-faced bat | Pteralopex pulchra Flannery, 1991 |
Chiroptera | 1990s IUCN | ![]() |
|
Aru flying fox | Pteropus aruensis Peter, 1867 |
Chiroptera | 1992 IUCN | ![]() |
|
Emma's giant rat | Uromys emmae Groves and Flannery, 1994 |
Rodentia | 1990s IUCN | Owi Island of the Paidaido Islands, Papua Province | |
Emperor rat | Uromys imperator Thomas, 1888 |
Rodentia | 1888 IUCN | Guadalcanal | |
Guadalcanal rat | Uromys porculus Thomas, 1904 |
Rodentia | 1888 IUCN | Guadalcanal | |
Central rock rat | Zyzomys pedunculatus Waite, 1896 |
Rodentia | 2001 [g] IUCN | ![]() |
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Malabar large-spotted civet, or Malabar civet | Viverra civettina Blyth, 1862 |
Carnivora | 1980 |
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See also
Notes
- ^ A 1985 study suggested they may have survived into the 1900s based on local legends of the "comadreja"
- ^ There were reports of unusual rats on Nevis being eaten by islanders in the 1930s.[16]
- ^ They have not been observed since decades before they were declared extinct
- ^ Although, 14C dating points their extinction at 1000 C. E., a 1991 study found they coexisted with humans and survived into the 1500s.[17]
- ^ Although 14C dating points to their extinction at 1000 C. E., a 1991 study, based on oral tradition of the Malagasy, concluded that they survived until at least 1500.[17]
- ^ The species may be functionally extinct.[18]
- ^ The species was presumed extinct until it was rediscovered in 1996. There was a possible discovery in 2015.[19]
- ^ The last confirmed sighting is unknown and their range in the wild is unconfirmed. Camera traps in Karnataka, their presumed habitat, found no individuals after 1,084 nights in 2006.[20]
References
- ^ a b c d e Fisher, Diana O.; Blomberg, Simon P. (2011). "Correlates of rediscovery and the detectability of extinction in mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1708): 1090–1097. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1579. PMC 3049027. PMID 20880890.
- ^ Ceballos, G.; Ehrlich, A. H.; Ehrlich, P. R. (2015). The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 1421417189. "69"
- ^ a b Macphee, Ross D. E.; Flemming, Clare (1999). "Requiem Æternam: the last five hundred years of mammalian species extinctions". In MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (eds.). Extinctions in Near Time. Advances in Vertebrate Paleobiology. Vol. 2. ISBN 978-1-4419-3315-7.
- ^ a b "IUCN Red List version 2015.4". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^ "Possibly Extinct and Possibly Extinct in the Wild Species" (PDF). IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
- ^ Jackson, P.; Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. sondaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
- ^ Primack, R. B. (2006). "Habitat destruction". Essentials of Conservation Biology (4th ed.). Sunderland, MA.: Sinauer Associates. pp. 177–188. ISBN 978-0-87893-720-2.
- ^ Winkelmann, Ricarda; Levermann, Anders; Ridgwell, Andy; Caldeira, Ken (2015). "Combustion of available fossil fuel resources sufficient to eliminate the Antarctic Ice Sheet". Science Advances. 1 (8): e1500589. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0589W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500589. PMC 4643791. PMID 26601273.
- ^ Kelly, B. C.; Ikonomou, M. G.; Blair, J. D.; Morin, A. E.; Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2007). "Food Web-Specific Biomagnification of Persistent Organic Pollutants". Science. 317 (5835): 236–239. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..236K. doi:10.1126/science.1138275. PMID 17626882. S2CID 52835862.
- ^ Langwig, K.E.; W.F. Frick; J.T. Bried; A.C. Hicks; T.H. Kunz; A.M. Kilpatrick (2012). "Sociality, density-dependence and microclimates determine the persistence of populations suffering from a novel fungal disease, white-nose syndrome". Ecology Letters. 15 (1): 1050–1057. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01829.x. PMID 22747672.
- ^ Estes, James A.; Burdin, Alexander; Doak, Daniel F. (2016). "Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller's sea cow". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (4): 880–885. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113..880E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502552112. PMC 4743786. PMID 26504217.
- ^ Husson, A. M.; Holthuis, L. B. (1969). "On the type of Antilope leucophaea preserved in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie Leiden". Zoologische Mededelingen. 44: 147–157.
- ^ van der Geer, Alexandra; Lyras, George; de Vos, John; Dermitzakis, Michael (2010). Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 225–227. ISBN 978-1-4051-9009-1.
- ^ Woinarskia, John C. Z.; Burbidge, Andrew A.; Harrison, Peter L. (2015). "Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (5): 4531–4540. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.4531W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1417301112. PMC 4403217. PMID 25675493.
- ^ a b IUCN Redlist Categories and Criteria (PDF) (2nd ed.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission. 2012. ISBN 978-2-8317-1435-6.
- ^ Turvey, Samuel T.; Weksler, Marcelo; Morris, Elaine L.; Nokkert, Mark (2010). "Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160 (4): 748–772. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00628.x.
- ^ a b MacPhee, R. D. E.; Burney, David A. (1991). "Dating of modified femora of extinct dwarf Hippopotamus from Southern Madagascar: Implications for constraining human colonization and vertebrate extinction events". Journal of Archaeological Science. 18 (6): 695–706. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(91)90030-S.
- ^ Turvey, Samuel T.; Pitman, Robert L.; Taylor, Barbara L.; Barlow, Jay; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Barrett, Leigh A.; Zhao, Xiujiang; Reeves, Randall R.; Stewart, Brent S.; Kexiong, Wang; Zhuo, Wei; Zhang, Xianfeng; Pusser, L. T.; Richlen, Michael; Brandon, John R.; Wang, Ding (2007). "First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species?". Biology Letters. 3 (5): 537–540. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292. PMC 2391192. PMID 17686754.
- ^ McDonald, Peters J.; Brittingham, Richie; Nano, C. E. M.; Paltridge, Rachel M. (2015). "A new population of the critically endangered central rock-rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus) discovered in the Northern Territory". Australian Mammalogy. 37: 97–100. doi:10.1071/AM14012.
- ^ Rao, S.; Ashraf, N. V. K.; Nixon, A. M. A. (2007). "Search for the Malabar Civet Viverra civettina in Karnataka and Kerala, India, 2006–2007". Small Carnivore Conservation. 37: 6–10.