Kim Soon-duk
Kim Soon-duk (1921–2004), also known as Kim Tŏk-chin, was a Korean comfort woman who became one of the best-known survivors due to her vivid paintings that depicted life as 'comfort women.' She participated in movements against sex slavery including the Wednesday Demonstration. She also travelled abroad to attend exhibits that displayed her paintings, participated in international speaking tours, and testified about her experiences.[1]
After the end of Japanese colonization in Korea, which occurred from 1910 to 1945, many of the atrocities and injustices began to surface. Several activist groups gathered evidence and encouraged victims to come forward. Both Korean and Japanese people pressured the Japanese government to acknowledge its crimes; however, in 1991 the Japanese Embassy in Seoul denied the existence of an official, militarized form of sexual slavery. Kim Hak-sun responded to the Japanese Embassy's official statement and became the first woman to openly testify about her experience as a 'comfort woman.'[2] She inspired other women, including Kim Soon-duk, to come forward with their stories. 'Comfort Women,' along with their supporters, continue to fight against sexual violence and confront the Japanese government to acknowledge their crimes and compensate the victims.
Background
Kim Soon-duk was born in 1921 and grew up in a poor family in South Kyongsang Province. Her father died when she was a child. When she was twelve, she worked as a housemaid to help her mother and her four siblings. In 1937, Kim Soon-duk was 16-years-old when she met a Korean man who told her that she would be sent to Japan to work as a well-paid factory worker. Instead, the Korean man took her and about thirty other women to a military brothel that he ran in Shanghai and later to another comfort station in Nanking.[1]
Although she did not have a formal education, she was smart.[3] She was also pretty. She was chosen to serve high-ranking officers and transported into the army unit by car. She developed an intimate relationship with Izumi, a high-ranking Japanese officer in his fifties, and came to rely on him as her father, husband, and family.[1] She was a 'comfort woman' for three years from 1937 to 1940.[4]
In 1940, Kim Soon-duk and four other women from her village were able to return to Korea due to Izumi's love and concern. She received 100 yen and a white envelope that contained official travel permits that allowed her and her peers to secure lodging, food, and travel by train, truck, and boat. In an interview published in 2008, Kim said:
After returning home, I received letters from Izumi constantly. I sent my replies to him and even sent care packages to him. He would write me thanking me for them, saying that he enjoyed the toasted grain powder, but the chili powder, he wrote, was so hot that it almost killed him, jokingly asking me whether I intended to kill him with it. He would also correct my Japanese spelling and write humorous letters as well….After I moved to Seoul, I continued to receive his letters from Nanking until one or two years before the Liberation. I lost all the letters during the Korean War.[1]
In the early 1990s, Kim Soon-duk was taken to Japan to testify about her experiences during the war. She would actively ask for help from Japanese supporters to find Izumi. In January 1995, a representative of the Korean Council acknowledged that she and her colleagues were embarrassed about Kim Soon-duk's conduct and decided not to take her on their future trips to Japan.[1]
Surviving 'comfort women,' including Kim Soon-duk, lived in a rental house together in the early 1990s. Buddhist groups helped raise funds to support and establish a social welfare facility called the House of Sharing in 1992. Kim Soon-duk moved into the House of Sharing in 1992 with her friend Park Duri. Park Duri would often jokingly salute Kim Soon-duk, who is five years her senior, and turn to her for advice and assistance.[5] In February 1996, the survivor-residents moved to the new, official House of Sharing that consists of residential wings, a recreation room, a Buddhist sanctuary, educational and training activities, and the first "Japanese Comfort Women History Museum in Korea," which opened in August 1998.[6]
Kim Soon-duk died in 2004 when she was 83-years-old. A Buddhist ceremony commemorated her death in the House of Sharing’s shrine.[7]
Activism
In the 1990s, Kim Soon-duk was involved with The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Sexual Slavery in Japan, also known as the Korean Council, which organizes weekly protests in Seoul.[8] She was a devoted participant in the weekly Wednesday Demonstrations in front of the Japanese embassy in Seoul, which started in 1992 and still occurs today.[6] Kim Soon-duk also went on international speaking tours to raise awareness internationally through her testimonials and artwork.[8] She and Kang Duk-kyung received a lot of attention during the earlier years of the movement for their distinct, vivid paintings, which depicted the lives and stories of 'comfort women.'[9] The House of Sharing includes a gallery that exhibits Kim Soon-duk's artwork. The House of Sharing also organizes tours to teach the public about her experiences through her paintings. Her famous painting Unblossomed Flower, also inspired the statue of the young girl that stands in the center of the House of Sharing grounds.[10]
References
- ^ a b c d e Soh, C. Sarah (2008). The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan. The University of Chicago Press. p. 185.
- ^ Pilzer, Joshua (2012). Hearts of Pine: Songs in the Lives of Three Korean Survivors of the Japanese "Comfort Women". Oxford University Press. p. 35.
- ^ "A Korean comfort woman and a Japanese officer". koreatimes. 2015-08-05. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
- ^ Soh, Sarah C. (2008). The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan. The University of Chicago Press. p. 122.
- ^ Pilzer, Joshua (2012). Hearts of Pine: Songs in the Lives of Three Korean Survivors of the Japanese "Comfort Women". Oxford University Press. p. 64.
- ^ a b Soh, Sarah C. (2008). The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan. The University of Chicago Press. p. 93.
- ^ Pilzer, Joshua (2012). Hearts of Pine: Songs in the Lives of Three Korean Survivors of the Japanese "Comfort Women". Oxford University Press. p. 87.
- ^ a b "The NI Interview". New Internationalist. 1999-05-05. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
- ^ Soh, Sarah C. (2008). The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan. The University of Chicago Press. p. 96.
- ^ Pilzer, Joshua (2012). Hearts of Pine: Songs in the Lives of Three Korean Survivors of the Japanese "Comfort Women". Oxford University Press. p. 93.