Ultramarathon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Beland (talk | contribs) at 18:48, 10 June 2021 (→‎Overview: fatalities in China). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Ultramarathon
Ultramarathoners compete at the Sahara Race 2011 (4 Deserts).
Highest governing bodyWorld Athletics
Presence
World Championships1987–

An ultramarathon, also called ultra distance or ultra running, is any footrace longer than the traditional marathon length of 42.195 kilometres (26 mi 385 yd).

Overview

There are two main types of ultramarathon events: those that cover a specified distance or route, and those that last for a predetermined period of time (with the winner covering the most distance in that time). The most common distances are 50 kilometres (31.07 mi), 100 kilometres (62.14 mi), 50 miles (80.47 km), and 100 miles (160.93 km), although many races have other distances. The 100 kilometer race is recognized as an official world record event by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the world governing body of track and field.[1]

Other ultramarathon races include double marathons, 24-hour races, and multiday races of 1,000 miles (1,600 km) or longer. The format of these events and the courses vary, ranging from single loops (some as short as a 400-metre (1,300 ft) track),[2] to point-to-point road or trail races, to cross-country rogaines. Many ultramarathons, especially trail events, have significant obstacles, such as inclement weather, elevation change, or rugged terrain. Many of these races are run on dirt roads or mountain paths, though some are run on paved roads as well. Usually, there are aid stations, perhaps every 20 to 35 kilometres (12 to 22 mi), where runners can replenish food and drink supplies or take a short break.

Timed events range from 6, 12, and 24 hours to 3, 6, and 10 days (known as multi-day events). Timed events are generally run on a track or a short road course, often one mile (1.6 km) or less.[3]

There are some self-supported ultramarathon stage races in which each competitor has to carry all their supplies including food to survive the length of the race, typically a week long. An example of this is the Grand to Grand Ultra in the USA.

The International Association of Ultrarunners (IAU) organises the World Championships for various ultramarathon distances, including 50 kilometres (31 mi), 100 kilometres (62 mi), 24 hours, and ultra trail running, which are also recognized by the IAAF. Many countries around the world have their own ultrarunning organizations, often the national athletics federation of the country, or are sanctioned by such national athletics organizations. World best performances for distances, times, and ages are tracked by the IAU.

Racewalking events are usually 50 km, although 100 km and 100-mile (160 km) "Centurion" races are also organized. Furthermore, the non-competitive International Marching League event Nijmegen Four Days March has a regulation distance of 4 × 50 km over four days for those aged 19 to 49.[4]

In 2021, concerns were raised about planning and medical care available for ultramarathons in China, after dozens of racers died from hypothermia, and at least one died of a heart attack; the government announced a ban on "extreme" competitions.[5]

IAU World Best Performances

Until 2014, the IAU maintained lists of world best performances on different surfaces (road, track and indoor). Starting in 2015, the distinction between the surfaces was removed and the records were combined into a single category.[6] Some governing bodies continue to keep separate ultramarathon track and road records for their own jurisdictions.[7]

Patrycja Bereznowska recorded a distance of 401 km in 48 hours in 2018[8] but this performance does not appear to have been ratified so far by the IAU.

In August 2019, Zach Bitter ran 11:19:13 for 100 miles at the Pettit Center in Milwaukee and continued to reach 168.792 km in 12 hours. These will likely be confirmed as the new world bests once ratified.[9]

In November 2020, CJ Albertson ran 50 km in 2:42:30 on a track in Clovis, California.[10]

In April 2021, Desiree Linden ran 2:59:54 for 50 km in Oregon, which pending ratification will become a new world best.[11]

On April 24, 2021, Aleksandr Sorokin ran 11:14:56 for 100 miles and 170.309 km for 12 hours in England, which pending ratification will both become new world bests.

In May 2021, Ketema Negasa set a time of 2:42:07 for 50 km and Irvette van Zyl ran the same distance in 3:04:23, both at the Nedbank Runified 50k Race in South Africa.[12]

The IAU world bests are as follows.[13]

Men

Event Record Athlete Date Place
50 km 2:43:38  Thompson Magawana (RSA) 12 Apr 1988 South Africa Claremont, South Africa
100 km 6:09:14  Nao Kazami (JPN) 24 Jun 2018 Japan Yubetsu-Saroma-Tokoro, Japan
100 miles 11:28:03  Oleg Kharitonov (RUS) 20 Oct 2002 United Kingdom London, United Kingdom
1000 km 5d 16:17:00  Yiannis Kouros (GRE) 26 Nov – 2 Dec 1984 Australia Colac, Australia
1000 miles 10d 10:30:36  Yiannis Kouros (GRE) 20–30 May 1988 United States New York City, USA
6 hours 97.200 km  Donald Ritchie (GBR) 28 Oct 1978 United Kingdom London, United Kingdom
12 hours 163.785 km  Zach Bitter (USA) 14 Dec 2013 United States Phoenix, USA
24 hours 303.506 km  Yiannis Kouros (GRE) 4–5 Oct 1997 Australia Adelaide, Australia
48 hours 473.495 km  Yiannis Kouros (GRE) 3–5 May 1996 France Surgères, France
6 days 1036.800 km  Yiannis Kouros (AUS)[a] 20–26 Nov 2005 Australia Colac, Australia
  1. ^ Kouros had Australian citizenship for part of his running career. Nationalities here are as given in the IAU records table.

Women

Event Record Athlete Date Place
50 km 3:07:20  Alyson Dixon (GBR) 1 Sep 2019 Romania Brașov, Romania
100 km 6:33:11  Tomoe Abe (JPN) 25 Jun 2000 Japan Yubetsu-Saroma-Tokoro, Japan
100 miles 12:42:40  Camille Herron (USA) 11 Nov 2017 United States Vienna, IL, USA
1000 km 7d 16:08:37  Paula Mairer (AUT) 29 Sep-6 Oct 2002 United States New York City, USA
1000 miles 12d 14:38:40  Sandra Barwick (NZL) 16–28 Oct 1991 United States New York City, USA
6 hours 85.492 km  Nele Alder-Baerens (GER) 11 Mar 2017 Germany Münster, Germany
12 hours 149.130 km  Camille Herron (USA) 9–10 Dec 2017 United States Phoenix, Arizona, USA
24 hours 270.116 km  Camille Herron (USA) 26–27 Oct 2019 France Albi, France
48 hours 397.103 km  Sumie Inagaki (JPN) 21–23 May 2010 France Surgères, France
6 days 883.631 km  Sandra Barwick (NZL) 18–24 Nov 1990 Australia Campbelltown, Australia

IAU World Championships

There are four IAU World Championships: the IAU 100 km World Championships, IAU 50 km World Championships, IAU 24 Hour World Championship, and the IAU Trail World Championships.[14]

Record holders

The following is a selected list of world or national-record holding, or world-championship-winning, ultramarathon runners.

Ultramarathons by regions

Ultra Marathons are run around the world with more than 70,000 people completing them every year.[66]

Africa

Several ultra distance events are held in Africa.

  • South Africa hosts a number of notable ultra marathon events.
    • On paved surface: the world's oldest and largest ultramarathon, the 87 kilometres (54 mi) Comrades Marathon. Approximately 12,000 runners complete the Comrades each year, out of approximately 17000 who start, with 23,961 competing in 2000.[67]
    • The 56-kilometre (35 mi) Two Oceans Marathon in Cape Town in the southern autumn attracts approximately 11,000 runners.
    • The Washie 100 road race is the oldest one hundred miler road race in Africa.
    • Off-road: The Salomon Sky Run is a gruelling 100 kilometres (62 mi) self-supported, unmarked trail race held in a particularly scenic part of the country.
    • Trail: The Peninsula Ultra Fun Run (PUFfeR) 80 kilometres (50 mi) supported, unmarked trail run crossing the Table Mountain range in Cape Town South Africa.
    • The Namib Race is a six-stage race that takes place along the Skeleton Coast in Namibia. It is part of the 4 Deserts Ultramarathon Series.
  • The Marathon des Sables is a 6-day stage race which covers 250 kilometres (160 mi) through the Sahara desert in Morocco.
  • The Grand Raid de la Réunion is held annually on Réunion in October, crossing the island over 163 kilometres (101 mi) with an altitude gain of 9,643 metres (31,637 ft). This race attracts 2,350 competitors, with 1,000 runners from overseas.
  • The Spanish Canary Islands off the African coast are the location of some prestigious ultramarathons, including the 46-mile Transvulcania.[68]

Asia

Ultrarunning has become popular in Asia, and countries such as Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea have hosted IAU World Championships.

  • Japan had its first 100 km event in 1987 as Lake Saroma Ultramarathon and hosted the IAU 100 km World Championship in 1994 (Lake Saroma), 1998 (River Shimanto) and 2005 (Lake Saroma).[69] Japan hosts more than 50 ultramarathon events throughout the year,[70] including the Trans Japan Alps Race (TJAR)Trans Japan Alps Race (TJAR)] (415 kilometres (258 mi) with more than 26,000 metres (16 mi) cumulative altitude gain crossing Japan Alps, crossing Japan's mainland from Japan Sea to Pacific Ocean in 7 days),[71][72] Hasetsune cup (71.5 kilometres (44.4 mi) in steep foggy mountains)[73] and the Ultra-Trail Mt. Fuji (161 kilometres (100 mi) loop around World Heritage Mount Fuji with cumulative altitude gain of about 9,000 metres (5.6 mi)).[74][75]
  • South Korea's first ultramarathon was held in 2000.
  • The Gobi March in northwest China was China's first ultramarathon, first staged in 2003. The Gobi March is part of the 4 Deserts Race Series.[76]
  • India's first ultra marathon, the Bangalore Ultra was held in 2007.[77][78] Since 2010, Indian Himalayas have hosted La Ultra – The High, a 333 km course crossing Khardung La, touted to be the world's highest motorable mountain pass.[79]
  • Soochow International 24H Ultra-Marathon is held since 1999 in Taipei, and is an official IAU-registered event.
  • A night race called the Sundown Marathon has been held in Singapore annually since 2008, over a double marathon distance (84 km) up to 2010 and 100 km since then.[80]
  • Nepal hosts several ultramarathon races,[81] including the Annapurna 100, the Kanchenjunga Ultra Marathon Trail Running Race[82] and the Everest Ultra.[83] Running a total of 1,504 km in a bit more than 24 days, Ryan Sandes and Ryno Griesel set a new fastest known time during March 2018 for the Great Himalaya Trail.
  • Northern Mongolia hosts an annual 100 km summer race, Mongolia Sunrise to Sunset.[84]
  • Malaysia's first ultra trail marathon was founded in November 2011 and is known as the TMBT (The Most Beautiful Thing) in Sabah at Mount Kinabalu, South East Asia's highest mountain. The event has a 55% dropout rate and is a 3-point qualifying race for UTMB and a 2-point qualifying race for the 55-kilometer category of the event. This was followed by the Beaufort Ultra Marathon in Sabah organized in 2012 and a 60-kilometer endurance run under 35-39-degree Celsius heat with a 60% finish rate amongst runners.[85] First 100 miles ultra marathon road race, Putrajaya 100 Miles, was held on 22–23 November 2014.
  • Indonesia's first ultramarathon race, Mount Rinjani Ultra (52K), was held on August 2013 and Indonesia's first 100K & 160K ultramarathon race, Bromo Tengger Semeru 100 Ultra, was held on November 2013. Tambora Challenge (320 km) held from 2015
  • In the Cebu, Philippines, an All-Women Ultra Marathon race covering a distance of 50 kilometers is held annually on the weekend of International Women's Day since 2012.[86]
  • Clark Freeport Zone in the Philippines is the venue for two of the Philippines' premier ultramarathon events. The Clark Miyamit Ultra, known as CM50 a 60K and 50Mile Trail Ultramarathon that takes runners to traverse from Clark to the Aeta Villages, lahar bed, mountain ranges near Mt. Pinatubo and the iconic Miyamit Falls. Cardimax – Clark Ultramarathon is a road ultramarathon of 50K and 100K distance which brings and gathers ultramarathoners from aspiring ones to the most competitive elites.
  • In Israel, two major ultramarathon races are Mount to Valley relay race; over 215 km, from the hills of the Upper Galilee to the Jezreel Valley, and the Valley Circle race in the Jezreel valley; contains several distances, including 160 km and 200 km.

Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand are hosts to some 100 organized ultramarathons each year. Additionally a handful of runners have run the entire length of New Zealand, a distance of around 2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi).[87]

Australia

In Australia, the Westfield Ultra Marathon was an annual race between Sydney and Melbourne contested between 1983 and 1991. Greek runner Yiannis Kouros won the event five times during that period. Australia is also the home of one of the oldest six-day races in the world, the Cliff Young Australian 6-day race, held in Colac, Victoria. The race is held on a 400-meter circuit at the Memorial Square in the centre of Colac, and has seen many close races since its inception in 1984. The 20th Cliff Young Australian six-day race was held between 20 and 26 November 2005. During that event, Kouros beat his existing world record six-day track mark and set a new mark of 1,036.851 kilometres (644.269 mi). The Coast to Kosciuszko inaugurated in 2004, is a 246-kilometre (153 mi) marathon from the coast to the top of Mount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest mountain.

Australia has seen a steep growth in ultrarunning events and participants in recent years. Many new races have come into inception, covering a range of ultramarathon distances from 50 km right through to multi-day events. The cornerstone of Australian Ultra events being such races as Ultra-Trail Australia 100, The Great North Walk Ultras, Surf Coast Century, Bogong to Hotham, Alpine Challenge, GC50 Run Festival, and the Cradle Mountain Run.[88][89] The Australian Ultra Runners Association (AURA) has a comprehensive list and links of events and their respective results.[90]

New Zealand

New Zealand's first ultramarathon, called the Kepler Challenge, was held on a 60 kilometres (37 mi) trail through Fiordland National Park. It has been running since 1988 and is one of the country's most popular races. New Zealand's Northburn 100 ultra mountain run is the first 100-mile (160 km) race through the Northburn Station. The Te Houtaewa Challenge has a 62 km race on ninety mile beach, Northland. The runners have to contend with rising tides and soft beach sand and the March race dates often means the race is run in the cyclone season. In 2014 the ultramarathon was postponed because of Cyclone Lucy. The Tarawera Ultramarathon is currently one of the most competitive ultras in New Zealand and part of the Ultra-Trail World Tour.[91]

In December 2013 in Auckland, Kim Allan ran 500 km in 86 hours, 11 minutes, and 9 seconds, breaking the 486 kilometres (302 mi) women's record.[92]

In April 2013, a Feilding man, Perry Newburn, set a new New Zealand record by running 483 kilometres (300 mi) without sleep at Feilding's Manfield Park.[93]

Ultramarathon running in New Zealand has a national body: the New Zealand Ultrarunners Association.

Oceania

New Caledonia Trail Festival[94] has several annual Ultramarathon including the Ultra Trail New Caledonia 136 km / 6 000m D+ and the Endurance Shop Trail race 70 km / 3 000m D+ on Pentecost long Week end. The Trail des Cagous is another 60 km Ultramarathon held in April.

Papua New Guinea has the Kokoda Challenge Race, an annual 96 km endurance race held in late August that runs the length of the historic Kokoda Track.[95]

Papua New Guinea also has the Great Kokoda Race, a multi-stage 96 km (3-day) race held in early July where competitors run or walk the length of the Kokoda Track.[96]

Europe

In Europe, ultrarunning can trace its origins with early documentation of ultrarunners from Icelandic sagas[citation needed], or ancient Greece from where the idea of the Marathon, and the Spartathlon comes. The history of ultrarunners and walkers in the UK from the Victorian Era has also been documented. The IAU hosts annual European Championships for the 50 km, 100 km and 24 hours. The European Ultramarathon Cup is an annual cup event covering some of the biggest Ultramarathon races in Europe.[97] Also worth mentioning is the ultramarathon CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail, the highest race in Spain and second in Europe,[98] with the participation of several countries and great international repercussions.

There are over 300 ultramarathons held in Europe each year,[99][citation needed]. This includes the Harz Run in the Harz Mountains, the Irish Connemarathon, the British Spine Race and Welsh Dragon's Back Race which covers 315 km with 15,500m of height gain.[100]

The UTMB, through France, Italy and Switzerland, has been considered the world's most competitive trail ultra.[101] The other races in the UTMB festival, including the CCC, TDS and OCC, are also significant events in the ultrarunning calendar.[102]

In 2021 the Megarace will be held. The Megarace will be the world's longest nonstop A-B trail race. The race is 1001 km and goes on trails through Germany, Czech Republic and Austria. The runners have 13 days and 15 hours to cover the distance.[103]

Antarctica

Due to logistics and environmental concerns there are only a handful of ultramarathons held in Antarctica, and travel costs can mean entrance fees as high as $14,000.[104] Ultramarathons in Antarctica include: The Last Desert, part of the 4 Deserts Race Series, a multi-stage footrace, and the Antarctic Ice Marathon – a marathon and 100-kilometer race.

North America

There are several hundred ultramarathons held annually in North America. One of the best known is the Western States Endurance Run, the world's oldest 100-mile trail run. The race began unofficially in 1974, when local horseman Gordy Ainsleigh's horse for the 100-mile Tevis Cup horse race came up lame. He decided to travel the course on foot, finishing in 23 hours and 42 minutes.[105]

One of the first documented ultramarathons in North America was held in 1926, and at the time was part of the Central American Games. Tomas Zafiro and Leoncio San Miguel, both Tarahumara Indians, ran 100 km from Pachuca to Mexico City in 9 hours and 37 minutes. At the time, the Mexican government petitioned to include a 100 km race in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam;[106] however, nothing came of these efforts.

In 1928, sports agent C. C. Pyle organized the first of two editions of the 3,455-mile-long Bunion Derby (the first went along U.S. Route 66 from Los Angeles to Chicago before heading toward New York; the 1929 Derby reversed the route). Neither the race nor the accompanying vaudeville show was a financial success.

Since 1997, runners have been competing in the Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race, which is billed as the longest official footrace in the world. They run 100 laps a day for up to 50 days around a single block in Queens, NY, for a total distance of 3,100 miles (5,000 km).[107] The current recordholder is Ashprihanal Pekka Aalto, at 40 days 09:06:21 for a daily average of 76.776 miles (123.559 km) in 2015.

The latest Trans-American Footrace (2015) winner was Robert HP Young (Marathon Man UK), winning in a time of 482 hours and 10 minutes.[108]

In April 2006, the American Ultrarunning Hall of Fame was established by the American Ultrarunning Association (AUA). Candidates for the Hall of Fame are chosen from the 'modern era' of American ultras, beginning with the New York Road Runners Club 30 Mile race held in 1958. The Inaugural inductees were Ted Corbitt, a former US Olympian, winner of the aforementioned race in 3:04:13, and co-founder of the Road Runners Club of America, and Sandra Kiddy, who began her ultra career at age 42 with a world record at 50 kilometers, 3:36:56, and who went on to set a number of US and world ultra records.

South America

There are a small number of ultramarathons in South America, but participation in the sport is increasing. The Brazil 135 Ultramarathon is a single-stage race of 135 miles (217 km) with a 60-hour cutoff, held in Brazil. This is a Badwater "sister race".[109] Several ultramarathons are held in Chile and with both local and international participation.[110] Ultramarathons held in Chile include:

  • Atacama Xtreme 50K, 80K and the first 100 Miles in Chile. One loop for each distance starting and finishing in San Pedro de Atacama at an avg. of 2,400 above sea level.[111]
  • The Endurance Challenge, a 10K, 21K, 50K and 80K trail running race held in the Andes mountain range near Santiago. It is part of the global Endurance Challenge circuit. The race seeks to promote the sport, outdoor activity and the use of mountain trails, taking care to have the lowest impact possible on the environment.
  • The Lican Ray-Villarrica Ultramarathon, a 70 km marathon that starts in Lican Ray, climbs Villarrica Volcano and ends in downtown Villarrica.
  • The Atacama Crossing, established in 2004, a 250 km (155-mile) ultramarathon which takes place in the Atacama desert, around San Pedro de Atacama, Chile,[112] and crosses through the driest place on earth. There are six stages in seven days, with almost four marathons run in the first four days, then a 74 km stretch, then a rest day and a final stage of 11 km. It is part of the 4 Deserts Series. The race covers rugged terrain, with a harsh climate and an altitude that averages 2500 m (8000 ft). The race uses the town of San Pedro de Atacama as its host town, and in 2012 the race began at its highest point of over 3,000m in the Arcoiris Valley.
View from the Atacama Crossing 2011.
  • The Patagonian International Marathon, organized by NIGSA, takes place in Torres del Paine National Park, southern Chilean Patagonia. The event features four race distances: an ultramarathon (63 km), marathon (42 km), half marathon (21 km) and a 10K. Each distance has a different starting point, but everyone finishes in the same place. The event has the secondary goal of promoting the conservation of Chilean Patagonia and contributing to the sustainable development of the region through the planting of trees in the Torres del Paine National Park through the "Corre y Reforesta" (Run and Reforest) campaign[113] run by the organization "Reforestemos Patagonia" (Let's Reforest Patagonia)[114]
  • The Rapa Nui GrandTrail, an 80k ultramarathon that takes place on Easter Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile. This exotic trail, far out in the Pacific Ocean, takes in the famous Moai statues of the island.[115]
  • "Extreme Challenge Peru Ultra" at 210 km, 105 km, 50 km and 25 km. This is a race where participants run in 5 consecutive days traveling to Sierra (9,000 to 11,000 feet elevation), desert (running on top desert dunes), coast and last day at the high elevation jungle (5,900 feet elevation). Some participants also run shorter distances.

Argentina

There are several ultramarathon races in Argentina.

La Mision has been going on for almost 15 years. There are different editions, one in Villa La Angostura in Patagonia with 3 distances. 110 km with cumulative altitude gain of about 4500m, 160 km with cumulative altitude gain of about 8000m and 200 km with cumulative altitude gain of about 9000m. There is other edition of the race (Short & Half) in Villa San Javier, Cordoba with 2 distances, 35k and 70k.

In April 2019 for the 1st time UTMB took place in Ushuaia (Ushuaia by UTMB) A very tough race facing the wild Patagonia weather with 4 different distances, 35k, 50k, 70k and 130k. The race brings together in one competition all the landscapes and geographies of the southern Andes (forests, rocky terrains, mountains, hills, glaciers, lakes, rivers and wetlands, among others) The race has a technical, non-stop format and is ruled by the principle of semi-autonomy.

Cerro Champaqui in Cordoba is the landscape of different races. Champa Ultra Race with 5 different distances, 8k / 18k / 26k / 42k and 62k. Also the UTACCH – Ultra Amanecer Comechingón with 7 different distances, 16k, 26k, 42k, and 4 ultras of 55k, 70k, 110k and 100 miles.

Ushuaia, at "the end of the world" also host Ultra Maratón Glaciar Martial with 3 different distances, 10k, 25k and 50k.

International Trail Running Association (ITRA)

Many ultramarathon organizers are members of the International Trail Running Association (ITRA), an organization that promotes values, diversity, health and safety during races, as well as working to further the development of trail running and helps to coordinate between the national and international bodies with an interest in the sport. ITRA also evaluates the difficulty of specific ultramarathon routes according to a number of criteria, such as the distance, the cumulative elevation gain, and the number of loops and stages. ITRA maintains a calendar of ultramarathon events.

See also

References

  1. ^ "– 100 Kilometres Records". Iaaf.org. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  2. ^ If the loop is less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), run direction changes every 2–4 (sometimes 6) hours [Citation Needed~~~~Mark Halsey]
  3. ^ "Ultra Running". Iaaf.org. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  4. ^ "Vierdaagse – Distance & Rewards". 4daagse.nl. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  5. ^ Systemic problems in ultramarathon racing in China
  6. ^ "IAU: Rationale for Combining IAU World Best Performances into one List" (PDF).
  7. ^ "USA Track & Field – Records".
  8. ^ "Athens International Ultramarathon Festival 2018 Results". Multidays.com. 10 February 2018.
  9. ^ "DUV Ultra Marathon Statistics". statistik.d-u-v.org.
  10. ^ Runner's World: In His First Race Since the Olympic Trials, CJ Albertson Breaks the 50K World Record.
  11. ^ World Athletics: Linden breaks world 50km best.
  12. ^ iRunFar: Fifty-Kilometer World Record Set at South Africa’s Nedbank Runified 50k Race.
  13. ^ "IAU Records" (PDF).
  14. ^ "IAU Championships". Iau-ultramarathon.org. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  15. ^ IAAF: Tomoe Abe Shatters World 100km Best.
  16. ^ "Pole wins ultramarathon in Death Valley in record time". PolandIn. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  17. ^ "This Week In Running: October 2, 2017". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  18. ^ "This Week In Running: January 29, 2018". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  19. ^ "Rory Bosio". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  20. ^ Powell, Bryon (14 September 2015). "2015 IAU 100k World Championships Results". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  21. ^ "Jonas Buud". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  22. ^ Powell, Bryon (23 August 2015). "2015 UltraVasan Results". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  23. ^ "Pau Capell". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  24. ^ "Hernando and Chaverot Ultra Champions. Spain, Czech Republic and Japan take the medals". International Skyrunning Federation. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  25. ^ "Caroline Chaverot". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  26. ^ Ted Corbitt Archives.
  27. ^ "Ruth Croft". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  28. ^ iRunFar: Courting Success: An Interview with Courtney Dauwalter; "Courtney Dauwalter's UTMB Win Elevates her from one of the Greats to the Greatest Ultra Trail Runner on Earth". South China Morning Post.
  29. ^ "Ragna Debats". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  30. ^ "Francois D'Haene". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  31. ^ Brand South Africa: Bruce Fordyce: Comrades King.
  32. ^ "Anna Frost". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  33. ^ The North Face: Lizzy Hawker.
  34. ^ Wally Hayward Marathon: About Wally.
  35. ^ "IRunFar.com: This Week In Running: December 10, 2018". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  36. ^ Mock, Justin. "This Week In Running: February 13, 2017". No. 13 February 2017. IRunFar.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  37. ^ "This Week In Running: February 11, 2019". IRunFar. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  38. ^ Canadian Running: 10 of Al Howie’s most Mind-boggling Achievements in Ultrarunning.
  39. ^ a b c "IAU 50 km Women & Men" (PDF). Iau-ultramarathon.org. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  40. ^ a b "Αποτελέσματα". Spartathlon.gr. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  41. ^ "Inside the Mind of Kilian Jornet | Motiv Running". 1 September 2017.
  42. ^ "About Scott Jurek". Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  43. ^ "Nikki Kimball". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  44. ^ Senseman, Eric. "Pete Kostelnick 2016 Transcontinental Run Record Interview". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  45. ^ Mock, Justin. "This Week In Running: July 25, 2016". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  46. ^ "Yiannis Kouros – Greek Greatness". 9 June 2019.
  47. ^ "Kudo & Sekiya To Return To Soochow International 24 Hour Race 2013". 8 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014.
  48. ^ "IAU Homepage". Iau-ultramarathon.org. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  49. ^ Sharman, Ian. "2013 Two Oceans Marathon Women's Preview". No. 28 March 2013. IRunFar.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  50. ^ "Records". Comrades Marathon. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  51. ^ LetsRun: Bongmusa Mthembu and Gerda Steyn Bring Home Both Two Oceans Titles to South Africa for 1st Time Since 2000.
  52. ^ Champions Everywhere: Arthur Newton – Old School Running Hero.
  53. ^ "Ida Nilsson". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  54. ^ Stott, Adrian (7 September 2018). "In Celebration and Memory of Don Ritchie".
  55. ^ Mock, Justin (10 June 2019). "This Week In Running: June 10, 2019". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  56. ^ IOL: Japanese Ultra Star set for Comrades.
  57. ^ "Xavier Thévenard". ITRA. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  58. ^ iRunFar: Ann Trason: The Pioneer Returns.
  59. ^ Collmer, Sheryl. "Sandra Villines' North American Transcontinental World Record". Ultrarunning Magazine. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  60. ^ Mock, Justin. "This Week In Running: July 17, 2017". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  61. ^ "Geeks Only". Western States 100 Mile Endurance Run. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  62. ^ Mock, Justin (21 November 2016). "This Week In Running: November 21, 2016". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  63. ^ Mock, Justin (19 August 2019). "This Week In Running: August 19, 2019". IRunFar.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  64. ^ Mock, Justin. "This Week In Running: February 13, 2017". No. 13 February 2017. IRunFar.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  65. ^ Mock, Justin. "This Week In Running: October 10, 2016". No. 10 October 2016. IRunFar.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  66. ^ Finn, Adharanand (2 April 2018). "When 26.2 miles just isn't enough – the phenomenal rise of the ultramarathon". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  67. ^ "Comrades Marathon History". 4 June 2014. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014.
  68. ^ iRunFar: 2019 Transvulcania Ultramarathon Results.
  69. ^ "IAU World Cup 100 Kilometres" (PDF). Iau-ultramarathon.org. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  70. ^ "2016 – 2017 Japan Ultramarathon Calendar". Marathons.ahotu.com. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  71. ^ NHK team, 激走! 日本アルプス大縦断 密着、トランスジャパンアルプスレース富山~静岡415km, 26 April 2013, ISBN 978-4087815276
  72. ^ "日本一過酷な山岳レース「トランスジャパンアルプスレース（TJAR）」に密着したノンフィクション書籍『激走！ 日本アルプス大縦断』（NHKスペシャル取材班・著）が、集英社より4月26日（金）に発売！ | 株式会社 集英社 | プレスリリース配信代行サービス『ドリームニュース』". Dreamnews.jp. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  73. ^ RUNTRAIL editors, RUN+TRAIL vol.2 トレイルランレースをはじめよう ハセツネ/UTMF完走法 (SAN-EI MOOK),22 Aug 2012, ISBN 978-4779615627
  74. ^ "2013 Ultra-Trail Mount Fuji Preview". Irunfar.com. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  75. ^ "Ultra-Trail Mt. Fuji (UTMF) | The Japan Times Online". Info.japantimes.co.jp. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  76. ^ "The Gobi March". 4 Deserts Official Website.
  77. ^ "The Bangalore Ultra". The Bangalore Ultra. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  78. ^ "Big response for the Bangalore Marathon". The Hindu. 14 December 2007. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  79. ^ "Why La Ultra The High is the Cruelest Marathon". Forbes India. 18 February 2013.
  80. ^ "Sundown Marathon". HiVelocity. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  81. ^ "Nepal events". Trail Running Nepal.
  82. ^ "Annapurna 100". annapurna100.com. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  83. ^ "Everest Ultra". Everest Ultra. 30 March 2013. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  84. ^ "Mongolia Sunrise to Sunset". Ms2s.org. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  85. ^ "Sabah Adventure Races". Sabahadventurechallenge.com. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  86. ^ "AWUM". Facebook. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  87. ^ "Endurance Sport". Endurance Sport. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  88. ^ "Salomon Trail Running Series – What Is Trail Running ? (Salomon trail running series)". 21 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015.
  89. ^ "Ultra Marathons in Australia". 5 June 2020.
  90. ^ "AURA – Australian Ultra Runners Association". 12 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007.
  91. ^ "The Tarawera Ultramarathon 102 km is part of the global Ultra-Trail ® World Tour ".
  92. ^ "Ultra-distance runner breaks record – National – NZ Herald News". Nzherald.co.nz. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  93. ^ "Feilding father breaks NZ running record". 3 News NZ. 5 April 2013.
  94. ^ "Trail Festival New Caledonia – Ultra Trail New Caledonia – Trail Festival 2019".
  95. ^ "Kokoda Challenge". Kokoda Trekking. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  96. ^ "The Great Kokoda Race". Twisted Explorer. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  97. ^ "LaufReport Presse Info". www.laufreport.de.
  98. ^ "Tenerife Bluetrail, la carrera más alta de España". abc. 6 October 2016.
  99. ^ "2020 - 2021 Ultramarathons held in Europe". marathons.ahotu.com. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  100. ^ "Details – The Berghaus Dragon's Back Race®". www.berghausdragonsbackrace.com.
  101. ^ iRunFar: 2017 UTMB Men's Preview
  102. ^ South China Morning Post: UTMB 2019 schedule: When do the TDS, CCC and OCC Start?
  103. ^ http://www.megarace.de
  104. ^ "Antarctic Ice Marathon 2013". Icemarathon.com. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  105. ^ "How it All Began". wser.org. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  106. ^ Vilchis, Raul (10 March 2015). "Still, They Endure: The Paradox of Mexico's Legendary Tarahumara Runners". Remezcla. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  107. ^ "srichinmoyraces.org / About the 3100 Mile Race". Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  108. ^ "Results : RAUSA Results". Raceacrossusa.org. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  109. ^ "Brazil 135". 5 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 July 2011.
  110. ^ "Ultramarathoner | Atlas Vivo de Chile". Livingatlaschile.com. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  111. ^ "A running battle". Toronto Star, 26 September 2016. pages E1 and E5.
  112. ^ "The Atacama Crossing Race | ExtremeMarathonGuide.com". 2 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  113. ^ "Corre y reforesta la Patagonia chilena con la maratón de Torres del Paine". Eldefinido.cl. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  114. ^ "Reforestemos Patagonia". 5 October 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.
  115. ^ "RAPA NUI GRAND TRAIL 80K 2013". ACTIVE.com. 27 October 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2016.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ultramarathon.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultramarathon&oldid=1027913332"