Aerosolization
Aerosolization is the process or act of converting some physical substance into the form of particles small and light enough to be carried on the air i.e. into an aerosol.
The term is often used in medicine to refer specifically to the production of airborne particles (e.g. tiny liquid droplets) containing infectious virus or bacteria. The infectious organism is said to be aerosolized. This can occur when an infected individual coughs,[1] sneezes[2] exhales,[3] or vomits,[4] but can also arise from flushing a toilet,[5] or disturbing dried contaminated feces.[6]
Treatment of some respiratory diseases relies on aerosolization of a liquid medication using a nebulizer, which is then breathed in for direct transport to the lungs.
In the context of chemical and biological weapons, aerosolization is a means of dispersing a chemical or biological agent in an attack. See for example "Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon".[7]
Aerosolization and Dustiness
Dustiness is defined as the tendency of a powder material to generate airborne particles under a given external energy input. This property of powdered materials has a close link with powder aerosolization processes. It also has indications on human exposure level and associated health risks at workplaces. Dusty materials tend to produce aerosols with high number concentrations, which poses higher exposure risks to the workers who are in direct contacts with them during industrial production and handling processes. Laboratory simulations have been established to test aerosolization behavior and dustiness level of powders,[8] in order to predict aerosol properties encountered in real-life situations.
References
- ^ Tang, J. W.; Settles, G. S. (2008). "Coughing and Aerosols". New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (15): e19. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm072576. PMID 18843121.
- ^ "Microbe-laden aerosols" (PDF 217 KB). Microbiology Today (November 2005).
- ^ Johnson, G. R.; Morawska, L. (2009). "The Mechanism of Breath Aerosol Formation". Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery. 22 (3): 229–237. doi:10.1089/jamp.2008.0720. PMID 19415984.
- ^ "Norovirus, Clinical Overview". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
- ^ Best, E. L.; Sandoe, J. A. T.; Wilcox, M. H. (2012). "Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: The role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk". Journal of Hospital Infection. 80 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.010. PMID 22137761.
- ^ "Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): What You Need To Know" (PDF 1.4 MB). CDC.
- ^ "Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon". Center For Infectious Disease Research & Policy.
- ^ Yaobo Ding, Burkhard Stahlmecke, Araceli Sánchez Jiménez, Ilse L. Tuinman, Heinz Kaminski, Thomas A. J. Kuhlbusch, Martie van Tongeren & Michael Riediker (2015) Dustiness and Deagglomeration Testing: Interlaboratory Comparison of Systems for Nanoparticle Powders, Aerosol Science and Technology, 49:12, 1222-1231, DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2015.1114999.