# Affix grammar

An affix grammar is a kind of formal grammar; it is used to describe the syntax of languages, mainly computer languages, using an approach based on how natural language is typically described.

The grammatical rules of an affix grammar are those of a context-free grammar, except that certain parts in the nonterminals (the affixes) are used as arguments. If the same affix occurs multiple times in a rule, its value must agree, i.e. it must be the same everywhere. In some types of affix grammar, more complex relationships between affix values are possible.

## Example

We can describe an extremely simple fragment of English in the following manner:

 Sentence → Subject Predicate
Subject → Noun
Predicate → Verb Object
Object → Noun

Noun → John
Noun → Mary
Noun → children
Noun → parents

Verb → like
Verb → likes
Verb → help
Verb → helps


This context-free grammar describes simple sentences such as

 John likes children
Mary helps John
children help parents
parents like John


With more nouns and verbs, and more rules to introduce other parts of speech, a large range of English sentences can be described; so this is a promising approach for describing the syntax of English.

However, the given grammar also describes sentences such as

 John like children
children helps parents


These sentences are wrong: in English, subject and verb have a grammatical number, which must agree.

An affix grammar can express this directly:

 ${\displaystyle Sentence\to Subject+number\ Predicate+number}$
${\displaystyle Subject+number\to Noun+number}$
${\displaystyle Predicate+number\to Verb+number\ Object}$
${\displaystyle Object\to Noun+number}$

 Noun + singular → John
Noun + singular → Mary
Noun + plural → children
Noun + plural → parents

Verb + singular → likes
Verb + plural → like
Verb + singular → helps
Verb + plural → help


This grammar only describes correct English sentences, although it could be argued that

 John likes John


 John likes himself


This, too, can be incorporated using affixes, if the means of describing the relationships between different affix values are powerful enough. As remarked above, these means depend on the type of affix grammar chosen..

## Types of affix grammars

In the simplest type of affix grammar, affixes can only take values from a finite domain, and affix values can only be related through agreement, as in the example. Applied in this way, affixes increase compactness of grammars, but do not add expressive power.

Another approach is to allow affixes to take arbitrary strings as values and allow concatenations of affixes to be used in rules. The ranges of allowable values for affixes can be described with context-free grammar rules. This produces the formalism of two-level grammars, also known as Van Wijngaarden grammars or 2VW grammars. These have been successfully used to describe complicated languages, in particular, the syntax of the Algol 68 programming language. However, it turns out that, even though affix values can only be manipulated with string concatenation, this formalism is Turing complete; hence, even the most basic questions about the language described by an arbitrary 2VW grammar are undecidable in general.

Extended Affix Grammars, developed in the 1980s, are a more restricted version of the same idea. They were mainly applied to describe the grammar of natural language, e.g. English.

Another possibility is to allow the values of affixes to be computed by code written in some programming language. Two basic approaches have been used:

• In attribute grammars, the affixes (called attributes) can take values from arbitrary domains (e.g. integer or real numbers, complex data structures) and arbitrary functions can be specified, written in a language of choice, to describe how affix values in rules are derived from each other.
• In CDL (the Compiler Description Language) and its successor CDL2, developed in the 1970s, fragments of source code (usually in assembly language) can be used in rules instead of normal right-hand sides, allowing primitives for input scanning and affix value computations to be expressed directly. Designed as a basis for practical compiler construction, this approach was used to write compilers, and other software, e.g. a text editor.