# Air changes per hour

Air changes per hour, abbreviated ACPH or ACH, or air change rate is the number of times that the total air volume in a room or space is completely removed and replaced in an hour. If the air in the space is either uniform or perfectly mixed, air changes per hour is a measure of how many times the air within a defined space is replaced each hour.

In many air distribution arrangements, air is neither uniform nor perfectly mixed. The actual percentage of an enclosure's air which is exchanged in a period depends on the airflow efficiency of the enclosure and the methods used to ventilate it. The actual amount of air changed in a well mixed ventilation scenario will be 63.2% after 1 hour and 1 ACH.[1] In order to achieve equilibrium pressure, the amount of air leaving the space and entering the space must be the same.

## Formulas

### Air changes per hour

In Imperial units: ${\displaystyle \quad ACPH={\frac {60Q}{Vol}}}$

where:

• ACPH = number of air changes per hour; higher values correspond to better ventilation
• Q = Volumetric flow rate of air in cubic feet per minute (cfm)
• Vol = Space volume L × W × H, in cubic feet

In metric units ${\displaystyle \quad ACPH={\frac {3.6Q}{Vol}}}$

where:

• ACPH = number of air changes per hour; higher values correspond to better ventilation
• Q = Volumetric flow rate of air in liters per second (L/s)
• Vol = Space volume L × W × H, in cubic meter

### Ventilation rates

Ventilation rates are often expressed as a volume rate per person (CFM per person, L/s per person). The conversion between air changes per hour and ventilation rate per person is as follows:

${\displaystyle \quad Rp={\frac {ACPH*D*h}{60}}}$

where:

• Rp = ventilation rate per person (cubic feet per minute (CFM) per person or cubic meters per minute per person)
• ACPH = Air changes per hour
• D = Occupant density (square feet per occupant or square meters per occupant)
• h = Ceiling height (feet or meters)

One cubic meter per minute = 16.67 liter/second

## Air change rate recommendations

Air change rates are often used as rules of thumb in ventilation design. However, they are seldom used as the actual basis of design or calculation. For example, laboratory ventilation standards indicate recommended ranges for air change rates,[2] as a guideline for the actual design. Residential ventilation rates are calculated based on area of the residence and number of occupants.[3] Non-residential ventilation rates are based on floor area and number of occupants, or a calculated dilution of known contaminants.[4] Hospital design standards use air changes per hour,[5] although this has been criticized.[6]

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) recommends "0.35 air changes per hour but not less than 15 cfm (7.5 L/s) per person" in living areas.[7]

Space Air changes per hour
Basement Parking 15–30
Residential Basement 3–4
Bedroom 2-4[8]
Residential Bathroom 6-7
Residential Living Rooms 6-8
Residential Kitchen 7-8
Residential Laundry 8-9
Computer Rooms 10-14
Restaurant Dining Area 8-10
Restaurant Food Staging Area 10-12
Restaurant Bar 15-20
Public Hallway 6-8
Public Retail Store 6-10
Public Foyer 8-10
Church 8-12
Public Auditorium 12-14
Commercial kitchens & Restrooms 15–30
Smoking rooms 15-20
Laboratories 6–12[2]
Classrooms 3–4
Warehousing 3-10

## Measure of airtightness

Many if not most uses of ACH are actually referring to results of a standard blower door test in which 50 pascals of pressure are applied (ACH50), rather than the volume of air changed under normal conditions. The Passive House standard requires airtightness so that there will be less than 0.6 ACH with a pressure difference between inside and outside of 50 Pa.[9]

## Effects of ACH due to forced ventilation in a dwelling

Forced ventilation to increase ACH becomes a necessity to maintain acceptable air quality as occupants become reluctant to open windows due to behavioural changes such as keeping windows closed for security.[10]

Air changes are often cited as a means of preventing condensation in houses with forced ventilation systems often rated from 3 - 5 ACH though without referencing the size of the house. However, where ACH is already greater than 0.75 a forced ventilation system is unlikely to be of use at controlling condensation and instead insulation or heating are better remedies.[10] Seven out of eight houses studied in NZ in 2010 had an ACH (corrected for ventilation factors) of 0.75 or greater.[10] The presence of forced ventilation systems has been shown in some cases to actually increase the humidity rather than lower it.[10] By displacing air inside a dwelling with infiltrated air (air brought in from outside the dwelling), positive pressure ventilation systems can increase heating (in winter) or cooling (in summer) requirements in a house.[10][11] For example, to maintain a 15 °C temperature in a certain dwelling about 3.0 kW of heating are required at 0 ACH (no heat loss due to warmed air leaving the dwelling, instead heat is lost due to conduction or radiation), 3.8 kW at 1 ACH and 4.5 kW are required at 2 ACH.[10] The use of roof space for heating or cooling was seen as ineffectual with the maximum heating benefits occurring in winter in more southerly regions (being close to the South Pole in these southern hemisphere reports) but being equivalent only to about 0.5 kW or the heating provided by about five 100 W incandescent light bulbs; cooling effects in summer were similarly small and were more pronounced for more northerly homes (being closer to the equator); in all cases the values assumed that the ventilation system automatically disengaged when the infiltrating air was warmer or cooler (as appropriate) than the air already in the dwelling as it would otherwise exacerbate the undesirable conditions in the house.[11]

## References

1. ^ Bearg, David W. (1993). Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Systems. CRC Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-87371-574-8.
2. ^ a b "Lab Ventilation ACH Rates Standards and Guidelines" (PDF). Retrieved 9 June 2014.
3. ^ "ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013: Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings". Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
4. ^ "ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality". Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
5. ^ "ANSI/ASHE/ASHRAE Standard 170: Ventilation for Healthcare Facilities". Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
6. ^ "Engineers' Perspectives on Hospital Ventilation". Retrieved 9 June 2014.
7. ^ (PDF) https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/Technical%20Resources/Standards%20and%20Guidelines/Standards%20Addenda/62-2001/62-2001_Addendum-n.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
8. ^ "Air Changes Per Hour Calculator, Formula, Recommendations". Air Purifier Reviews. Retrieved 2021-11-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
9. ^ "International Passive House Association - Guidelines". Retrieved 23 March 2013.
10. Pollard, AR and McNeil, S, Forced Air Ventilation Systems, June 2010, Report IEQ7570/3 for Beacon Pathway Limited
11. ^ a b Warren Fitzgerald, Dr Inga Smith and Muthasim Fahmy, Heating and cooling potential of roof space air: implications for ventilation systems, May 2011, Prepared for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA)