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Albert, Duke of Prussia

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"Albert of Prussia" redirects here. For other people, see Albert of Hohenzollern.

Albert
Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
Duke of Prussia
Albert of Prussia, painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder, dated 1528
Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
Reign1510 – 1525
PredecessorDuke Frederick of Saxony
SuccessorWalter von Cronberg
Duke of Prussia
ReignApril 10, 1525 – March 20, 1568
Predecessornone (new creation)
SuccessorAlbert Frederick of Prussia
Born(1490-05-17)17 May 1490[1]
Ansbach
Died20 March 1568(1568-03-20) (aged 77)
Tapiau Castle in Tapiau (Gvardeysk)
SpouseDorothea of Denmark
Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg
IssueAlbert Frederick
Others
HouseHouse of Hohenzollern
FatherFrederick I of Brandenburg-Ansbach
MotherSophia of Poland
ReligionRoman Catholicism, then Lutheranism

Albert of Prussia (17 May 1490 – 20 March 1568) was the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, who after converting to Lutheranism, became the first monarch of the Duchy of Prussia, the secularized state that emerged from the former Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. Albert was the first European ruler to establish Lutheranism, and thus Protestantism, as the official state religion of his lands. He proved instrumental in the political spread of Protestantism in its early stage, ruling the Prussian lands for nearly six decades (1510–1568).

A member of the Brandenburg-Ansbach branch of the House of Hohenzollern, Albert's election as Grand Master had brought about hopes of a reversal of the declining fortune of the Teutonic Knights. He was a skilled political administrator and leader, and did indeed reverse the decline of the Teutonic Order. However, Albert, who was sympathetic to the demands of Martin Luther, rebelled against the Catholic church, and the Holy Roman Empire by converting the Teutonic state into a Protestant and hereditary realm, the Duchy of Prussia, for which he did homage to his uncle, the King of Poland, Sigismund I. The arrangement was confirmed by the Treaty of Kraków in 1525. Albert pledged a personal oath to the King and in return was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs.

Albert's rule in Prussia was fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the confiscation of the lands and treasures of the Catholic church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and provide for the expenses of the newly established Prussian court. He was active in imperial politics, joining the League of Torgau in 1526, and acted in unison with the Protestants in plotting to overthrow Emperor Charles V after the issue of the Augsburg Interim in May 1548. Albert established schools in every town and founded Königsberg University in 1544.[2] He promoted culture and arts, patronising the works of Erasmus Reinhold and Caspar Hennenberger. Albert's final years were clouded by peasant resentment of heavy taxes, a step he felt compelled to take due to there no longer being any church land available to confiscate in Prussia. The intrigues of court favourites, Johann Funck, and Paul Skalić also caused various religious and political disputes. Albert spent his final years virtually deprived of power, and died at Tapiau on 20 March 1568. His son Albert Frederick succeeded him as Duke of Prussia.

Albert's dissolution of the Teutonic State caused the founding of the Duchy of Prussia, paving the way for the rise of the House of Hohenzollern. He is therefore often seen as the father of the Prussian nation, and even as indirectly responsible for the unification of Germany.[citation needed]

Early life

Albert was born in Ansbach in Franconia as the third son of Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. His mother was Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, and his wife Elisabeth of Austria. He was raised for a career in the Church and spent some time at the court of Hermann IV of Hesse, Elector of Cologne, who appointed him canon of the Cologne Cathedral.[2] Not only was he quite religious, he was also interested in mathematics and science, and sometimes is claimed to have contradicted the teachings of the Church in favour of scientific theories. His career was forwarded by the Church however and institutions of the Catholic clerics supported his early advance.

Turning to a more active life, Albert accompanied Emperor Maximilian I to Italy in 1508, and after his return spent some time in the Kingdom of Hungary.[2]

Grand Master

As Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Statue by Rudolf Siemering

Duke Frederick of Saxony, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, died in December 1510. Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the Order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn (1466).[3]

The new Grand Master, aware of his duties to the empire and to the papacy, refused to submit to the crown of Poland. As war over the Order's existence appeared inevitable, Albert made strenuous efforts to secure allies and carried on protracted negotiations with Emperor Maximilian I. The ill-feeling, influenced by the ravages of members of the Order in Poland, culminated in a war which began in December 1519 and devastated Prussia. Albert was granted a four-year truce early in 1521.[3]

The dispute was referred to Emperor Charles V and other princes, but as no settlement was reached Albert continued his efforts to obtain help in view of a renewal of the war. For this purpose he visited the Diet of Nuremberg in 1522, where he made the acquaintance of the Reformer Andreas Osiander, by whose influence Albert was won over to Protestantism.[2]

The Grand Master then journeyed to Wittenberg, where he was advised by Martin Luther to abandon the rules of his Order, to marry, and to convert Prussia into a hereditary duchy for himself. This proposal, which was understandably appealing to Albert, had already been discussed by some of his relatives; but it was necessary to proceed cautiously, and he assured Pope Adrian VI that he was anxious to reform the Order and punish the knights who had adopted Lutheran doctrines. Luther for his part did not stop at the suggestion, but in order to facilitate the change made special efforts to spread his teaching among the Prussians, while Albert's brother, Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach, laid the scheme before their uncle, Sigismund I the Old of Poland.[2]

Duke in Prussia

Prussian Homage: Albert and his brothers receive the Duchy of Prussia as a fief from Polish King Sigismund I the Old, 1525. Painting by Matejko, 1882.

After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.[2]

The Estates of the land then met at Königsberg and took the oath of allegiance to the new duke, who used his full powers to promote the doctrines of Luther. This transition did not, however, take place without protest. Summoned before the imperial court of justice, Albert refused to appear and was proscribed, while the Order elected a new Grand Master, Walter von Cronberg, who received Prussia as a fief at the imperial Diet of Augsburg. As the German princes were experiencing the tumult of the Reformation, the German Peasants' War, and the wars against the Ottoman Turks, they did not enforce the ban on the duke, and agitation against him soon died away.[2]

In imperial politics Albert was fairly active. Joining the League of Torgau in 1526, he acted in unison with the Protestants, and was among the princes who banded and plotted together to overthrow Charles V after the issue of the Augsburg Interim in May 1548. For various reasons, however, poverty and personal inclination among others, he did not take a prominent part in the military operations of this period.[2]

One Groschen coin, 1534, Iustus ex fide vivit — The Just lives on Faith

The early years of Albert's rule in Prussia were fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the lands and treasures of the church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and for a time to provide for the expenses of the court. He did something for the furtherance of learning by establishing schools in every town and by freeing serfs who adopted a scholastic life. In 1544, in spite of some opposition, he founded Königsberg University, where he appointed his friend Andreas Osiander to a professorship in 1549.[2] Albert also paid for the printing of the Astronomical "Prutenic Tables" compiled by Erasmus Reinhold and the first maps of Prussia by Caspar Hennenberger.[citation needed]

Osiander's appointment was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the area of the quarrel soon broadened. There were no longer church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, the burden of taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular.[2]

After Osiander's death in 1552, Albert favoured a preacher named Johann Funck, who, with an adventurer named Paul Skalić, exercised great influence over him and obtained considerable wealth at public expense. The state of turmoil caused by these religious and political disputes was increased by the possibility of Albert's early death and the need, should that happen, to appoint a regent, as his only son, Albert Frederick was still a mere youth. The duke was forced to consent to a condemnation of the teaching of Osiander, and the climax came in 1566 when the Estates appealed to King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, Albert's cousin, who sent a commission to Königsberg. Skalić saved his life by flight, but Funck was executed. The question of the regency was settled, and a form of Lutheranism was adopted and declared binding on all teachers and preachers.[2]

Portrait of Pavao Skalić, an encyclopedist, Renaissance humanist and adventurer from Croatia, who strongly influenced the Duke in the closing years of his reign

Virtually deprived of power, the duke lived for two more years, and died at Tapiau on 20 March 1568[2] of the plague, along with his wife. Cornelis Floris de Vriendt designed his tomb within Königsberg Cathedral.[4]

Albert was a voluminous letter writer, and corresponded with many of the leading personages of the time.[2]

Legacy

Tomb of Albert by Cornelis Floris de Vriendt in Königsberg Cathedral
"Albertus" with sword from the Silberbibliothek

Although Albert has received relatively little recognition in German history,[citation needed] his dissolution of the Teutonic State caused the founding of the Duchy of Prussia, which would eventually become arguably the most powerful German state and instrumental in uniting the whole of Germany. Albert is therefore often seen as the father of the Prussian nation, and even as indirectly responsible for the unification of Germany.[citation needed] He was a skilled political administrator and leader, and effectively reversed the decline of the Teutonic Order, until he betrayed it by transforming the order's lands into his own duchy, secularizing it in the process.

Albert was the first German noble to support Luther's ideas and in 1544 founded the University of Königsberg, the Albertina, as a rival to the Roman Catholic Cracow Academy. It was the second Lutheran university in the German states, after the University of Marburg.

A relief of Albert over the Renaissance-era portal of Königsberg Castle's southern wing was created by Andreas Hess in 1551 according to plans by Christoph Römer.[5] Another relief by an unknown artist was included in the wall of the Albertina's original campus. This depiction, which showed the duke with his sword over his shoulder, was the popular "Albertus", the symbol of the university. The original was moved to Königsberg Public Library to protect it from the elements, while the sculptor Paul Kimritz created a duplicate for the wall.[5] Another version of the "Albertus" by Lothar Sauer was included at the entrance of the Königsberg State and Royal Library.[5]

In 1880 Friedrich Reusch created a sandstone bust of Albert at the Regierungsgebäude, the administrative building for Regierungsbezirk Königsberg. On 19 May 1891 Reusch premiered a famous statue of Albert at Königsberg Castle with the inscription: "Albert of Brandenburg, Last Grand Master, First Duke in Prussia".[6] Albert Wolff also designed an equestrian statue of Albert located at the new campus of the Albertina. King's Gate contains a statue of Albert.

Albert was oft-honored in the quarter Maraunenhof in northern Königsberg. Its main street was named Herzog-Albrecht-Allee in 1906. Its town square, König-Ottokar-Platz, was renamed Herzog-Albrecht-Platz in 1934 to match its church, the Herzog-Albrecht-Gedächtniskirche.[7]

Spouse and issue

Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia by Cornelis Floris de Vriendt

Albert married first, to Princess Dorothea (1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547), daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark, in 1526. They had six children;

  • Anna Sophia (1527–1591)
  • Katharina (b. & d. 1528)
  • Frederick Albert (1529–1530)
  • Lucia Dorothea (1531–1532)
  • Lucia (1537–1539)
  • Albert (1539–1539)

He married secondly to Anna Maria (1532–20 March 1568), daughter of Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, in 1550. The couple had two children;

Ancestors

16. Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg (1333–1398)
8. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (1371–1440)
17. Elisabeth of Meissen (1329–1375)
4. Albrecht III, Elector of Brandenburg (1414–1486)
18. Frederick, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (1339–1393)
9. Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut (1383–1442)
19. Maddalena Visconti (1366–1404)
2. Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1460–1536)
20. Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (1370–1428)
10. Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (1412–1464)
21. Catherine of Brunswick ( -1442)
5. Anna of Saxony (1437–1512)
22. Ernest, Duke of Austria (1377–1424)
11. Margaret of Austria (1416–1486)
23. Cymburgis of Masovia (1394–1397)
1. Albert, Duke of Prussia (1490–1568)
24. Algirdas (1296–1377)
12. Jogaila (1362–1434)
25. Uliana of Tver (1325–1392)
6. Casimir IV Jagiellon (1427–1492)
26. Andrew of Halshany (1365–1410)
13. Sophia of Halshany (1405–1461)
27. Alexandra Drucka (1380–1426)
3. Zofia Jagiellonka (1464–1512)
28. Albert IV, Duke of Austria (1377–1404)
14. Albert II of Germany (1397–1439)
29. Johanna Sophia of Bavaria (1373–1410)
7. Elisabeth of Austria (1435–1505)
30. Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1368–1437)
15. Elisabeth of Bohemia (1409–1442)
31. Barbara of Celje (1390–1451)

Notes

  1. ^ Albert (duke of Prussia). Britannica.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Albert" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 497.
  3. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  4. ^ Mühlpfordt, p. 73
  5. ^ a b c Mühlpfordt, p. 90
  6. ^ Mühlpfordt, p. 82
  7. ^ Mühlpfordt, p. 133

References

  • Albinus, Robert (1985). Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung (in German). Leer: Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg. p. 371. ISBN 3-7921-0320-6.
  • Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard (1963). Welche Mitbürger hat Königsberg öffentlich geehrt? (in German). Würzburg: Holzner Verlag.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albert, Duke of Prussia.
Albert, Duke of Prussia
Cadet branch of the House of Hohenzollern
Born: 16 May 1490 Died: 20 March 1568
Regnal titles
Preceded by Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
1510–1525 		Succeeded by
New creation
 Duke of Prussia
1525–1568 		Succeeded by
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