Alemtuzumab
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| Monoclonal antibody | |
|---|---|
| Type | ? |
| Source | Humanized |
| Target | CD52 |
| Clinical data | |
| Pregnancy category |
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| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Elimination half-life | ~288 hrs |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | |
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| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C6468H10066N1732O2005S40 |
| Molar mass | 145453.8 g/mol g·mol−1 |
Alemtuzumab (marketed as Campath, MabCampath or Campath-1H) is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) and T-cell lymphoma.
Alemtuzumab targets CD52, a protein present on the surface of mature lymphocytes, but not on the stem cells from which these lymphocytes were derived. It is used as second line therapy for CLL. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for patients who have been treated with alkylating agents and who have failed fludarabine therapy.
A significant complication of therapy with alemtuzumab is that it significantly increases the risk for opportunistic infections, in particular, reactivation of cytomegalovirus.
Alemtuzumab is also used in some conditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation and kidney transplantation. It is also used under clinical trial protocols for treatment of some autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, in which it shows promise. [2] [3]
Description
Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) is a recombinant DNA-derived humanized monoclonal antibody that is directed against the 21–28 kDa cell surface glycoprotein, CD52.
Indications and Use
Alemtuzumab is indicated for the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) in patients who have been treated with alkylating agents and who have failed fludarabine therapy.
Research or off-label use
Early tests at Cambridge University suggest that alemtuzumab might be useful in treating and even reversing the effects of multiple sclerosis.[4]
Contraindications and precautions
Alemtuzumab is contraindicated in patients who have active systemic infections, underlying immunodeficiency (e.g., seropositive for HIV), or known Type I hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reactions to Campath or to any one of its components.
Adverse reactions
Alemtuzumab has been associated with infusion-related events including hypotension, rigors, fever, shortness of breath, bronchospasm, chills, and/or rash. In post-marketing reports, the following serious infusion-related events were reported: syncope, pulmonary infiltrates, ARDS, respiratory arrest, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest. The cardiac adverse events have resulted in death in some cases. It is also possible that perturbation of suppressor T cell populations by Campath-1H may precipitate autoimmune disease.
History
The origins of alemtuzumab date back to Campath-1 which was derived from the mouse antibodies raised against human lymphocyte proteins by Herman Waldmann and colleagues.[5] The name "Campath" derives from the pathology department of Cambridge University.
Initially, Campath-1 was not ideal for therapy because patients could, in theory, react against the foreign rat protein determinants of the antibody. To circumvent this problem, Greg Winter and his colleagues humanised Campath-1, by extracting the hypervariable loops that had specificity for CD52 and grafted it onto a human antibody framework. This became known as Campath-1H and serves as the basis for alemtuzumab.[6]
The global marketing rights to Campath are held by Bayer Schering Pharma (formerly Schering AG).
References
- ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
- ^ http://www.neurologyreviews.com/07sep/alemtuzumab.html Use for MS, Sept 2007
- ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20081023/ts_afp/britainscienceresearch
- ^ Drug reboots immune system to reverse MS, Andy Coghlan, New Scientist News Service, October 23, 2008.
- ^ Hale G, Bright S, Chumbley G, Hoang T, Metcalf D, Munro AJ, Waldmann H. Removal of T cells from bone marrow for transplantation: a monoclonal antilymphocyte antibody that fixes human complement. Blood 1983;62:873-82. PMID 6349718.
- ^ Riechmann L, Clark M, Waldmann H, Winter G. Reshaping human antibodies for therapy. Nature 1988;332:323-7. PMID 3127726.