# Analytic set

In descriptive set theory, a subset of a Polish space ${\displaystyle X}$ is an analytic set if it is a continuous image of a Polish space. These sets were first defined by Luzin (1917) and his student Souslin (1917).

## Definition

There are several equivalent definitions of analytic set. The following conditions on a subspace A of a Polish space X are equivalent:

• A is analytic.
• A is empty or a continuous image of the Baire space ωω.
• A is a Suslin space, in other words A is the image of a Polish space under a continuous mapping.
• A is the continuous image of a Borel set in a Polish space.
• A is a Suslin set, the image of the Suslin operation.
• There is a Polish space ${\displaystyle Y}$ and a Borel set ${\displaystyle B\subseteq X\times Y}$ such that ${\displaystyle A}$ is the projection of ${\displaystyle B}$; that is,
${\displaystyle A=\{x\in X|(\exists y\in Y)\langle x,y\rangle \in B\}.}$
• A is the projection of a closed set in the cartesian product of X times the Baire space.
• A is the projection of a Gδ set in the cartesian product of X times the Cantor space.

An alternative characterization, in the specific, important, case that ${\displaystyle X}$ is Baire space ωω, is that the analytic sets are precisely the projections of trees on ${\displaystyle \omega \times \omega }$. Similarly, the analytic subsets of Cantor space 2ω are precisely the projections of trees on ${\displaystyle 2\times \omega }$.

## Properties

Analytic subsets of Polish spaces are closed under countable unions and intersections, continuous images, and inverse images. The complement of an analytic set need not be analytic. Suslin proved that if the complement of an analytic set is analytic then the set is Borel. (Conversely any Borel set is analytic and Borel sets are closed under complements.) Luzin proved more generally that any two disjoint analytic sets are separated by a Borel set: in other words there is a Borel set containing one and disjoint from the other. This is sometimes called the "Luzin separability principle" (though it was implicit in the proof of Suslin's theorem).

Analytic sets are always Lebesgue measurable (indeed, universally measurable) and have the property of Baire and the perfect set property.

## Projective hierarchy

Analytic sets are also called ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\Sigma }}_{1}^{1}}$ (see projective hierarchy). Note that the bold font in this symbol is not the Wikipedia convention, but rather is used distinctively from its lightface counterpart ${\displaystyle \Sigma _{1}^{1}}$ (see analytical hierarchy). The complements of analytic sets are called coanalytic sets, and the set of coanalytic sets is denoted by ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\Pi }}_{1}^{1}}$. The intersection ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\Delta }}_{1}^{1}={\boldsymbol {\Sigma }}_{1}^{1}\cap {\boldsymbol {\Pi }}_{1}^{1}}$ is the set of Borel sets.

## References

• El'kin, A.G. (2001) [1994], "Analytic set", in Hazewinkel, Michiel (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
• Efimov, B.A. (2001) [1994], "Luzin separability principles", in Hazewinkel, Michiel (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
• Kechris, A. S. (1995), Classical Descriptive Set Theory, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-94374-9
• Luzin, N.N. (1917), "Sur la classification de M. Baire", Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série I, 164: 91–94
• N.N. Lusin, "Leçons sur les ensembles analytiques et leurs applications", Gauthier-Villars (1930)
• Moschovakis, Yiannis N. (1980), Descriptive Set Theory, North Holland, ISBN 0-444-70199-0
• Martin, Donald A.: Measurable cardinals and analytic games. "Fundamenta Mathematicae" 66 (1969/1970), p. 287-291.
• Souslin, M. (1917), "Sur une définition des ensembles mesurables B sans nombres transfinis", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, 164: 88–91