Android version history
The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of its first beta on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on September 23, 2008.
The operating system is developed by Google on a yearly cadence since at least 2011.[1] New major releases are announced at Google I/O in May while still in beta testing with the stable version usually released to the public between August and October.
Overview
The development of Android started in 2003 by Android, Inc., which was purchased by Google in 2005.[2] There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) before the beta version was released.[3][4] The beta was released on November 5, 2007,[5][6] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.[7] Several public beta versions of the SDK were released.[8] These releases were done through software emulation as physical devices did not exist to test the operating system. Both the operating system itself and the SDK were released along with their source code, as free software under the Apache License.[9]
The first public release of Android 1.0 occurred with the release of the T-Mobile G1 (aka HTC Dream) in October 2008.[10] Android 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names.[11] The code names "Astro Boy" and "Bender" were tagged internally on some of the early pre-1.0 milestone builds and were never used as the actual code names of the 1.0 and 1.1 releases of the OS.[12]
The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived using a confectionery-themed naming scheme for public releases, starting with Android 1.5 Cupcake. Google announced in August 2019 they were ending the confectionery theming scheme to use numerical ordering for future versions.[13] The first release under the numerical order format was Android 10, which was released in September 2019.
In 2017, Google announced that Google Play would begin to require apps to target a recent Android version.[14] Since then, a new major Android version has been released in the second half of each year, and apps must target it by August 31 of the following year for new apps, or November 1 for app updates.[15]
Name | Internal codename[11] | Version number(s) | API level | Release date | Latest security patch date[16] | Latest Google Play Services version[17] (release date) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Android 1.0 | — | 1.0 | 1 | September 23, 2008 | — | — |
Android 1.1 | Petit Four | 1.1 | 2 | February 9, 2009 | ||
Android Cupcake | Cupcake | 1.5 | 3 | April 27, 2009 | ||
Android Donut | Donut | 1.6 | 4 | September 15, 2009 | ||
Android Eclair | Eclair | 2.0 | 5 | October 27, 2009 | ||
2.0.1 | 6 | December 3, 2009 | ||||
2.1 | 7 | January 11, 2010[18] | ||||
Android Froyo | Froyo | 2.2 – 2.2.3 | 8 | May 20, 2010 | 3.2.25 (October 2014) | |
Android Gingerbread | Gingerbread | 2.3 – 2.3.2 | 9 | December 6, 2010 | 10.0.84 (November 2016) | |
2.3.3 – 2.3.7 | 10 | February 9, 2011 | ||||
Android Honeycomb | Honeycomb | 3.0 | 11 | February 22, 2011 | ||
3.1 | 12 | May 10, 2011 | ||||
3.2 – 3.2.6 | 13 | July 15, 2011 | ||||
Android Ice Cream Sandwich | Ice Cream Sandwich | 4.0 – 4.0.2 | 14 | October 18, 2011 | 14.8.49 (February 2019) | |
4.0.3 – 4.0.4 | 15 | December 16, 2011 | ||||
Android Jelly Bean | Jelly Bean | 4.1 – 4.1.2 | 16 | July 9, 2012 | 21.33.56 (September 2021) | |
4.2 – 4.2.2 | 17 | November 13, 2012 | ||||
4.3 – 4.3.1 | 18 | July 24, 2013 | ||||
Android KitKat | Key Lime Pie | 4.4 – 4.4.4 | 19 | October 31, 2013 | October 2017 | 23.30.13 (August 2023) |
4.4W – 4.4W.2 | 20 | June 25, 2014 | ? | |||
Android Lollipop | Lemon Meringue Pie | 5.0 – 5.0.2 | 21 | November 4, 2014[19] | November 2017 | 24.28.35 (August 2024) |
5.1 – 5.1.1 | 22 | March 2, 2015[20] | March 2018 | |||
Android Marshmallow | Macadamia Nut Cookie | 6.0 – 6.0.1 | 23 | October 2, 2015[21] | August 2018 | 24.35.30 (September 2024) |
Android Nougat | New York Cheesecake | 7.0 | 24 | August 22, 2016 | August 2019 | |
7.1 – 7.1.2 | 25 | October 4, 2016 | October 2019 | |||
Android Oreo | Oatmeal Cookie | 8.0 | 26 | August 21, 2017 | January 2021 | |
8.1 | 27 | December 5, 2017 | October 2021 | |||
Android Pie | Pistachio Ice Cream[22] | 9 | 28 | August 6, 2018 | January 2022 | |
Android 10 | Quince Tart[23] | 10 | 29 | September 3, 2019 | February 2023 | |
Android 11 | Red Velvet Cake[23] | 11 | 30 | September 8, 2020 | February 2024 | |
Android 12 | Snow Cone | 12 | 31 | October 4, 2021 | September 2024 | |
Android 12L | Snow Cone v2 | [a] | 12.132 | March 7, 2022 | ||
Android 13 | Tiramisu | 13 | 33 | August 15, 2022 | ||
Android 14 | Upside Down Cake[26] | 14 | 34 | October 4, 2023 | ||
Android 15 | Vanilla Ice Cream[27] | 15 | 35 | September 3, 2024 | ||
Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained Latest version |
Version history
The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels.
Android 1.0
Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software, was released on September 23, 2008.[28] The first commercially available Android device was the HTC Dream.[29]
Android 1.0 (API 1) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
1.0 | September 23, 2008 |
|
Android 1.1
On February 9, 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the HTC Dream only. Android 1.1 was known as "Petit Four" internally, though this name was not used officially.[12][36] The update resolved bugs, changed the Android API and added a number of features:[37]
Android 1.1 (API 2) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
1.1 | February 9, 2009 |
|
Android 1.5 Cupcake
On April 27, 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27.[38][39] This was the first release to officially use a codename based on a dessert item ("Cupcake"), a theme used for all releases until Android Pie, with Android 10 and later using a number-only system. The update included several new features and UI amendments:[40]
Android 1.5 Cupcake (API 3) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
1.5 | April 27, 2009[38] |
|
Android 1.6 Donut
On September 15, 2009, Android 1.6 – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.[43][44][45] Included in the update were numerous new features:[43]
Android 1.6 Donut (API 4) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
1.6 | September 15, 2009[44] |
|
Android 2.0 Eclair
On October 27, 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29 and codenamed Eclair.[46] Changes include the ones listed below.[47]
Android 2.0 Eclair (API 5) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.0 | October 27, 2009[48] |
|
Android 2.0.1 Eclair
Android 2.0.1 Eclair (API 6) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.0.1 | December 3, 2009[52] |
|
Android 2.1 Eclair
Android 2.1 Eclair (API 7) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.1 | January 11, 2010[53][18] |
|
Android 2.2 Froyo
On May 20, 2010, the SDK for Android 2.2 (Froyo, short for frozen yogurt) was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.[54]
Android 2.2 Froyo (API 8) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.2 | May 20, 2010 |
|
2.2.1 | September 27, 2010[62] |
|
2.2.2 | January 21, 2011[63] |
|
2.2.3 | November 21, 2011[65] |
|
Android 2.3 Gingerbread
On December 6, 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.[66][67] Changes included:[66]
Android 2.3 Gingerbread (API 9) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.3 | December 6, 2010[67] |
|
2.3.1 | December 22, 2010[70] |
|
2.3.2 | January 21, 2011[71] |
|
Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread
Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread (API 10) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.3.3 | February 9, 2011[72] |
|
2.3.4 | April 28, 2011[74] |
|
2.3.5 | July 25, 2011[79] |
|
2.3.6 | September 2, 2011[81] |
|
2.3.7 | September 21, 2011 |
|
Android 3.0 Honeycomb
On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.[84][85][86][87] The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011.[88] The update's features included:[84]
Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API 11) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
3.0 | February 22, 2011[86] |
|
Android 3.1 Honeycomb
Android 3.1 Honeycomb (API 12) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
3.1 | May 10, 2011[92] |
|
Android 3.2 Honeycomb
Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API 13) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
3.2 | July 15, 2011[95] |
|
3.2.1 | September 20, 2011 |
|
3.2.2 | September 30, 2011 |
|
3.2.4 | December 15, 2011 |
|
3.2.6 | February 15, 2012 |
|
Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich
The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1,[97] was publicly released on October 19, 2011.[98] Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0 was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time.[99] The source code for Android 4.0 became available on November 14, 2011.[100] Ice Cream Sandwich was the last version to officially support Adobe Systems' Flash player.[101] The update introduced numerous new features:[102][103][104]
Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 14) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.0 | October 18, 2011[102] |
|
4.0.1 | October 19, 2011 |
|
4.0.2 | November 28, 2011 |
|
Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich
Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 15) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.0.3 | December 16, 2011[110] |
|
4.0.4 | March 28, 2012 |
|
Android 4.1 Jelly Bean
Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the Google I/O conference on June 27, 2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface. The performance improvement involved "Project Butter", which uses touch anticipation, triple buffering, extended vsync timing and a fixed frame rate of 60 fps to create a fluid and "buttery-smooth" UI.[113] Android 4.1 Jelly Bean was released to the Android Open Source Project on July 9, 2012,[114] and the Nexus 7 tablet, the first device to run Jelly Bean, was released on July 13, 2012.
Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API 16) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.1 | July 9, 2012 |
|
4.1.1 | July 9, 2012[118] |
|
4.1.2 | October 9, 2012[119] |
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean
Google was expected to announce Jelly Bean 4.2 at an event in New York City on October 29, 2012, but the event was cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy.[122] Instead of rescheduling the live event, Google announced the new version with a press release, under the slogan "A new flavor of Jelly Bean". Jelly Bean 4.2 was based on Linux kernel 3.4.0, and debuted on Google's Nexus 4 and Nexus 10, which were released on November 13, 2012.[123][124]
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API 17) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.2 | November 13, 2012[125] |
|
4.2.1 | November 27, 2012[130][131] |
|
4.2.2 | February 11, 2013[133] |
|
Android 4.3 Jelly Bean
Google released Jelly Bean 4.3 under the slogan "An even sweeter Jelly Bean" on July 24, 2013, during an event in San Francisco called "Breakfast with Sundar Pichai". Most Nexus devices received the update within a week, although the second-generation Nexus 7 tablet was the first device to officially ship with it.[135] A minor bug fix update was released on August 22, 2013.[136]
Android 4.3 Jelly Bean (API 18) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.3 | July 24, 2013[137] |
|
4.3.1 | October 3, 2013[146] |
|
Android 4.4 KitKat
Google announced Android 4.4 KitKat on September 3, 2013. Although initially under the "Key Lime Pie" ("KLP") codename, the name was changed because "very few people actually know the taste of a key lime pie."[148] Some technology bloggers also expected the "Key Lime Pie" release to be Android 5.[149] KitKat debuted on Google's Nexus 5 on October 31, 2013, and was optimized to run on a greater range of devices than earlier Android versions, having 512 MB of RAM as a recommended minimum; those improvements were known as "Project Svelte" internally at Google.[150] The required minimum amount of RAM available to Android is 340 MB, and all devices with less than 512 MB of RAM must report themselves as "low RAM" devices.[151]
Android 4.4 KitKat (API 19) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.4 | October 31, 2013[152][153] |
|
4.4.1 | December 5, 2013[167][168] |
|
4.4.2 | December 9, 2013[169] |
|
4.4.3 | June 2, 2014[171][172] |
|
4.4.4 | June 19, 2014[175] |
|
Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions
On June 24, 2014, a version of Android KitKat exclusive to Android Wear devices was released.
Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions (API 20) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.4W[177] | June 25, 2014[178] |
|
4.4W.1 | September 6, 2014[179] |
|
4.4W.2 | October 21, 2014[180] |
|
Android 5.0 Lollipop
Android 5.0 "Lollipop" was unveiled under the codename "Android L" on June 25, 2014, during Google I/O. It became available as an official over-the-air (OTA) update on November 12, 2014, for select devices that run distributions of Android serviced by Google, including Nexus and Google Play edition devices. Its source code was made available on November 3, 2014.[181][182]
Lollipop features a redesigned user interface built around a responsive design language referred to as "material design". Other changes include improvements to the notifications, which can be accessed from the lockscreen and displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners. Furthermore, Google made internal changes to the platform, with the Android Runtime (ART) officially replacing Dalvik for improved application performance, and with changes intended to improve and optimize battery usage, known internally as Project Volta.[183][184][185][186]
Android 5.0 Lollipop (API 21) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
5.0[187] | November 4, 2014[19] |
|
5.0.1 | December 2, 2014[201] |
|
5.0.2 | December 19, 2014[24] |
|
Android 5.1 Lollipop
Android 5.1 Lollipop (API 22) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
5.1 | March 2, 2015[20] |
|
5.1.1 | April 20, 2015[206][207] |
|
Android 6.0 Marshmallow
Android 6.0 "Marshmallow" was unveiled under the codename "Android M" during Google I/O on May 28, 2015, for the Nexus 5 and Nexus 6 phones, Nexus 9 tablet, and Nexus Player set-top box, under the build number MPZ44Q.[209] The third developer preview (MPA44G) was released on August 17, 2015, for the Nexus 5, Nexus 6, Nexus 9 and Nexus Player devices,[210] and was updated to MPA44I that brought fixes related to Android for Work profiles.[211]
Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API 23) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
6.0 | September 29, 2015[21][212] |
|
6.0.1 | December 7, 2015[230] |
|
Android 7.0 Nougat
Android "Nougat" (codenamed N in-development) is the seventh major release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on March 9, 2016, with factory images for supported Nexus devices, as well as with the new "Android Beta Program" which allows supported devices to be upgraded directly to the Android Nougat beta via an over-the-air update. The final release was on August 22, 2016. The final preview build was released on July 18, 2016,[232] with the build number NPD90G.
Android 7.0 Nougat (API 24) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
7.0 | August 22, 2016[233] |
|
Android 7.1 Nougat
On October 19, 2016, Google released Android 7.1.1 as a developer preview for the Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P and the Pixel C. A second preview became available on November 22, 2016, before the final version was released to the public on December 5, 2016.
Android 7.1 Nougat (API 25) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
7.1 | October 4, 2016[241] |
|
7.1.1[243] | December 1, 2016[244] |
|
7.1.2[245][246] | April 2, 2017[247] |
|
Android 8.0 Oreo
Android Oreo is the eighth major release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview, codenamed Android O, on March 21, 2017, with factory images for supported Nexus and Pixel devices. The final developer preview was released on July 24, 2017, with the stable version released in August 2017.
Android 8.0 Oreo (API 26) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
8.0[248] | August 21, 2017 |
|
Android 8.1 Oreo
Android 8.1 Oreo is the sixteenth minor release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on October 25, 2017, with factory images for current Nexus and Pixel devices. A second developer preview was made available on November 27, 2017, for Nexus and Pixel devices, before the stable version was released on December 5, 2017.
Android 8.1 Oreo (API 27) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
8.1[250][251] | December 5, 2017[252][253] |
|
Android 9 Pie
Android Pie is the ninth major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on March 7, 2018, and the first developer preview was released on the same day. The second preview, considered beta quality, was released on May 8, 2018. The final beta of Android Pie (fifth preview, also considered as a "Release Candidate") was released on July 25, 2018. The first official release was released on August 6, 2018.
Android 9 Pie (API 28) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
9 | August 6, 2018 |
|
Android 10
Android 10 is the tenth major version of the Android operating system. The stable version of Android 10 was released on September 3, 2019.
Android 10 (API 29) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
10 | September 3, 2019 |
|
Android 11
Android 11 is the eleventh major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on February 19, 2020, and the first developer preview released on the same day.[275][276]
The launch of Android 11 Beta was postponed from June 3, 2020, to June 10, 2020.[277]
Android 11 (API 30) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
11 | September 8, 2020 |
|
Android 12
Android 12 is the twelfth major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on February 18, 2021, and the first developer preview was released on the same day.[284][285]
Android 12 (API 31) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
12 | October 4, 2021 |
|
Android 12L
Android 12L[c] is an interim release for Android 12 that includes design tweaks for larger displays and minor stability changes to the operating system. It was announced in October 2021 alongside Beta releases with a stable version launching on March 7, 2022.
Android 12L (API 32) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
12L | March 7, 2022 | Improvements specific for foldable phones, tablets, desktop-sized screens and Chromebooks, and modifications to the user interface to tailor it to larger screens.[298] |
Android 13
Android 13 is the thirteenth major version of the Android operating system.
Android 13 (API 33) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
13 | August 15, 2022 |
|
Android 14
Android 14 is the fourteenth major version of the Android operating system. Google announced Android 14 on February 8, 2023, with the first Developer Preview releasing on the same day.
Android 14 (API 34) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
14 | October 4, 2023 |
|
Android 15
Android 15 is the fifteenth major version of the Android operating system.
Android 15 (API 35) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
15 | September 3, 2024 |
|
Hardware requirements
The main hardware platform for Android is the 64-bit ARM architecture (i.e. ARMv8-A; previously the 32-bit ARMv7 architecture was supported and first ARMv5), with x86[d] and MIPS[e] architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android. MIPS support has since been deprecated and support was removed in NDK r17.[313]
Android 1.0 through 1.5 required a 2 megapixel camera with autofocus camera. This was relaxed to a fixed-focus camera with Android 1.6.[314]
In 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones[315] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.[316][317] Since Android 5.0 Lollipop, 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.
Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 depend on screen size and density and type of CPU, ranging from 816 MB–1.8 GB for 64-bit and 512 MB–1.3 GB for 32-bit meaning in practice 1 GB for the most common type of display (while minimum for Android watch is 416 MB).[318][f] The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM,[319] while for "low RAM" devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor.[151] Android 4.4 requires a 32-bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor,[320] together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).[321] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.2 and since Android 7.0 Vulkan (and version 1.1 available for some devices[322]). Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications.[321] In 2021, Android was ported to RISC-V.[323] In 2021, Qualcomm said it will provide a longer support period for its chipsets, starting with the Snapdragon 888, which will help extend Android update support for these devices. With this promise, devices using Qualcomm chipsets will have a total of three Android version upgrades and of four years of security updates.[324]
See also
Explanatory notes
- ^ The 2.3.6 update had the side-effect of impairing the Wi-Fi hotspot functionality of many Canadian Nexus S phones. Google acknowledged this problem and fixed it in late September.[82][83]
- ^ For Canadian consumers, 4.0.2 reportedly created a bug on the Galaxy Nexus that crashed the application market when users attempted to view details of any Android application. It also inadvertently reduced the NFC capabilities of the Nexus phone.[108][109]
- ^ Released as "Android 12.1" for smartphones
- ^ Lowest supported x86 generation is the P6 microarchitecture, also called i686.[311]
- ^ Supported is revision 1 of MIPS32[312] and revision 6 for 64-bit MIPS64[311]
- ^ Disk-based memory (hard drives), solid state disk devices such as USB drives, DVD-based storage, bit rates, bus speeds, and network speeds, are specified using decimal meanings for k (10001), M (10002), G (10003), etc.
References
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- ^ "A History of Pre-Cupcake Android Codenames". Android Police. June 12, 2013. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013 – via Google+.
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Burke revealed last year that Android Q had been internally known as "Quince Tart"
- ^ a b "Factory Images for Nexus and Pixel Devices". Google Developers. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
- ^ Amadeo, Ron (March 7, 2022). "Android 12L is official as "Android 12.1," rolling out now to Pixel phones". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
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