Apinayé language
| Apinayé | |
|---|---|
| Region | Brazil |
|
Native speakers
|
1,300 (2003)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | apn |
| Glottolog | apin1244[2] |
Apinayé (otherwise known as Apinagé, Apinajé) currently an endangered language is a Subject–object–verb Jê language spoken in Tocantins, Eastern Central Brazil by some 1529 speakers of Apinajé people.[3] There are six villages that speak the Apinajé language.
Contents
Historical Events Leading to Endangerment[edit]
During the first quarter of the nineteenth century the Apinayé had a successful economic growth fueled by extensive cattle farming and the extraction of babaù palm oil which brought an increase in migration.
Phonology[edit]
The consonant and vowel inventory follows.
Consonants[edit]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stop | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| Voiced nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Voiced oral | v | r | z |
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Central / back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-rounded | Rounded | |||||
| Oral | Nasal | Oral | Nasal | Oral | Nasal | |
| Close | i | ĩ | ɯ | ɯ̃ | u | ũ |
| Close-mid | ɛ | ɛ̃ | ʌ | ʌ̃ | ɔ | ɔ̃ |
| Low | a | ã | ||||
Just as in Mebengokre, there are underlying nasal vowels which surface independent of the nasal consonants.
Syllable structure[edit]
Onsets[edit]
The onset is optional in Apinayé, but when it exists it may be any consonant from the inventory. C1C2V(C)-type syllables, where C2 is a voiced [+cont] semivowel or liquid are very common. CCC onsets are always /kvr/or /ŋvr/
Codas[edit]
All consonants other than /ŋ, ʔ/ are permitted in the coda.[4] Note also that the possible syllable types are identical to what we find in Mebengokre, except for those in which there are /ʔ/-initial complex onsets.
References[edit]
- ^ Apinayé at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Apinaye". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/apn
- ^ Burgess, Eunice; Ham, Patricia (1968). "Multilevel conditioning of phoneme variants in Apinayé". Linguistics. 41. doi:10.1515/ling.1968.6.41.5.
External links[edit]
- WALS page for Apinayé
- Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Apinayé". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
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