April 1931
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The following events occurred in April 1931:
April 1, 1931 (Wednesday)
- The Royal Navy battlecruiser HMS Glorious collided with the French ocean liner Florida in a dense fog about 60 miles off Gibraltar. Several crew members of the Florida were killed.[1]
- Stennes Revolt: Berlin SA commandant Walter Stennes was expelled from the Nazi Party after leading an internal rebellion.[2]
- Born: Ita Ever, actress, in Paide, Estonia; Rolf Hochhuth, author and playwright, in Eschwege, Germany
April 2, 1931 (Thursday)
- Actress Pola Negri and Prince Serge Mdivani were divorced.[3]
- Seventeen-year old female baseball pitcher Jackie Mitchell struck out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in succession during an exhibition game between the New York Yankees and minor league Chattanooga Lookouts. Mitchell became a national media sensation, although it was questioned whether Ruth and Gehrig were actually trying or were merely going along with the publicity stunt.[4][5]
April 3, 1931 (Friday)
- Adolf Hitler accused Walter Stennes of plotting to violate the government's emergency dictatorship decree and issued an ultimatum to all SA members demanding they submit a written oath of allegiance by April 12 or face expulsion.[6]
- Born: William Bast, screenwriter and author, in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin (d. 2015); Gil Robbins, folk musician and actor, in Spokane, Washington (d. 2011)
April 4, 1931 (Saturday)
- Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough became the 14th Governor General of Canada.
April 5, 1931 (Sunday)
- 187 communists were arrested in Berlin for conducting illegal demonstrations.[7]
- Born: Héctor Olivera, filmmaker, in Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
April 6, 1931 (Monday)
- The trial of the nine Scottsboro Boys began, only nine days after their arrest.[8]
- Born: Suchitra Sen, film actress, in Pabna, British India (d. 2014)
April 7, 1931 (Tuesday)
- The British Labour Party banned all supporters of Oswald Mosley from its ranks.[9]
- Walter Stennes sued Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels for libel.[10]
- Anton Cermak was elected Mayor of Chicago by a landslide over the incumbent William Hale Thompson.[11]
April 8, 1931 (Wednesday)
- German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning and Foreign Minister Julius Curtius accepted an invitation to visit Britain in June.[12]
- The Dmitri Shostakovich ballet The Bolt premiered in Leningrad.
- Born: John Gavin, actor and ambassador, in Los Angeles
- Died: Erik Axel Karlfeldt, 66, Swedish poet
April 9, 1931 (Thursday)
- Osachi Hamaguchi resigned as Prime Minister of Japan, having still not recovered from the attempt on his life in November.[13]
- Eight of the nine Scottsboro Boys were convicted and sentenced to death; a mistrial was declared for the ninth because of his youth. The executions were postponed pending court appeals.[8]
- Died: Nicholas Longworth, 61, American politician
April 10, 1931 (Friday)
- Prussian Police President Albert Grzesinski ordered the weekly newspaper of the Stahlhelm banned for three months due to its attacks on the Prussian government.[14]
- Died: Kahlil Gibran, 48, Lebanese artist, poet and writer (cirrhosis of the liver and tuberculosis)
April 11, 1931 (Saturday)
- 350 Bulgarian political prisoners were pardoned by royal decree on the occasion of Orthodox Easter celebrations.[15]
- Born: Luís Cabral, 1st President of Guinea-Bissau, in Bissau, Portuguese Guinea (d. 2009); Mustafa Dağıstanlı, sports wrestler, in Söğütpınar, Turkey; Johnny Sheffield, child actor, in Pasadena, California (d. 2010)
April 12, 1931 (Sunday)
- Municipal elections were held in Spain. Voters overwhelmingly rejected the rule of King Alfonso XIII by electing republican candidates in 49 out of 50 provincial capitals.[16]
April 13, 1931 (Monday)
- The trial of Peter Kürten, charged with nine murders, began in Düsseldorf. Kürten took the stand and admitted to the crimes, but explained that he had been driven to take revenge on society for the harsh treatment he received in prison while serving time for burglaries and assaults.[17]
April 14, 1931 (Tuesday)
- King Alfonso XIII boarded a ship at Cartagena before dawn and fled Spain, although he did not officially abdicate. That night, provisional president Niceto Alcalá-Zamora stepped onto the balcony of the interior ministry building in Madrid and proclaimed the Second Spanish Republic to a cheering crowd of thousands.[18]
- Francesc Macià proclaimed a Catalan Republic.[19]
- The Montreal Canadiens defeated the Chicago Black Hawks 2-0 to win the Stanley Cup, three games to two.
- Wakatsuki Reijirō became the new Prime Minister of Japan.
- Berlin police Vice President Bernhard Weiß won a defamation lawsuit against Joseph Goebbels, who was ordered to pay 1500 Reichsmarks.[20]
- Died: Richard Armstedt, 79, German historian
April 15, 1931 (Wednesday)
- Queen Victoria Eugenie and her family boarded a train and departed Spain to join Alfonso in exile. Even when passing through staunchly republican areas, large crowds of people cheered and applauded the procession.[21]
- Ernie Lombardi made his major league baseball debut with the Brooklyn Robins, going 2-for-2.[22]
- Born: Helen Maksagak, politician, in Bernard Harbour, Northwest Territories, Canada (d. 2009)
- Died: Joe Masseria, 45, Sicilian-born American Mafia boss (assassinated)
April 16, 1931 (Thursday)
- Exiled Spanish king Alfonso was mobbed by thousands of admirers upon his arrival in Paris to reunite with his family.[23]
- Serenade for Chamber Orchestra by Bohuslav Martinů was first performed in Paris.[16]
- Born: John Littlejohn, blues guitarist, in Lake, Mississippi (d. 1994)
April 17, 1931 (Friday)
- Alfonso released a statement saying he was still the king of Spain and expressing confidence that upcoming elections would return him to power.[24]
- The Catalan Republic was called off after talks with the provisional Spanish government.[25]
April 18, 1931 (Saturday)
- The Earl of Willingdon became the Viceroy of India.
- Arsenal F.C. won its first Football League title.[26]
April 19, 1931 (Sunday)
- Louis Chiron won the Monaco Grand Prix.
- Born: Fred Brooks, computer scientist, in Durham, North Carolina
April 20, 1931 (Monday)
- The British House of Commons passed a bill allowing movie theatres and other places of amusement to open on Sundays.[27]
- The German Supreme Court shortened the ban duration of the weekly newspaper of the Stahlhelm to May 1.[14]
- James P. Henigan won the Boston Marathon.[28]
- Died: Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, 5th Baronet, 68, British baronet and Titanic survivor
April 21, 1931 (Tuesday)
- Great Britain and its Dominions extended diplomatic recognition to the Second Spanish Republic as Alfonso arrived in London.[29]
April 22, 1931 (Wednesday)
- Germany recognized the Second Spanish Republic.[30]
- German serial killer Peter Kürten was sentenced to death.[30]
- Born: John Buchanan, politician, in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Died: Isabella, Princess of Asturias, 79
April 23, 1931 (Thursday)
- The provisional Spanish government called for general elections on June 21.[31]
- The crime film The Public Enemy, featuring James Cagney in the role that made him a star, was released.[32]
April 24, 1931 (Friday)
- New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt vetoed a state bill which would have allowed physicians to prescribe medicinal liquor, explaining he was not unsympathetic to its purpose but that the bill was unworkable in its present form due its many "complicated and extravagant provisions".[33]
- Born: Bridget Riley, op artist, in West Norwood, London, England
April 25, 1931 (Saturday)
- West Bromwich Albion defeated Birmingham 2-1 in the FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium.
- The Porsche automobile company was founded in Stuttgart.[34]
April 26, 1931 (Sunday)
- Mount Diablo State Park was dedicated in northern California.[35]
- Born: Paul Almond, television and film screenwriter, director and producer, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada (d. 2015)
- Died: George Herbert Mead, 68, American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist
April 27, 1931 (Monday)
- The Zangezur earthquake occurred along the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan, killing almost 3,000.[16]
- On Budget Day in the United Kingdom, Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Snowden introduced a land value tax and an increase in the gasoline tax.[36] The budget still projected a deficit of £37.4 million.[37]
- Gangster Legs Diamond was shot in the head while dining in a roadside inn near Cairo, New York, but survived.[38]
- Born: Igor Oistrakh, violinist, in Odessa, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
April 28, 1931 (Tuesday)
- An oil well in Gladewater, Texas exploded, killing 14.[39]
April 29, 1931 (Wednesday)
- At least 41 were killed when a fire broke out on the Cairo–Alexandria express train.[40]
- Wes Ferrell of the Cleveland Indians pitched a 9-0 no-hitter against the St. Louis Browns.[41]
- Born: Frank Auerbach, German-born British painter, in Berlin; Lonnie Donegan, musician, in Glasgow, Scotland (d. 2002)
April 30, 1931 (Thursday)
- About 50 workmen were killed when 1,000 tons of airplane bombs exploded in a naval laboratory near Niterói, Brazil.[42]
- Died: Sammy Woods, 64, Australian-born English sportsman
References
- ^ "Liner Collides with Warship; Several Killed". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 2, 1931. p. 3.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (April 3, 1931). "Berlin Fascists Revolt as Hitler Fires "General"". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 21.
- ^ Donnelley, Paul (2000). Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries. New York: Omnibus Press. p. 517. ISBN 0-7119-9512-5.
- ^ Zoss, Joel; Bowman, John (2004). Diamonds in the Rough: The Untold History of Baseball. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-0-8032-9920-7.
- ^ Epting, Chris (2009). Roadside Baseball: The Locations of America's Baseball Landmarks. Santa Monica, California: Santa Monica Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-59580-980-3.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (April 4, 1931). "German 'Storm Troopers' Mass to Fight Hitler". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 13.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 5. April 1931". chroniknet. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ a b Johnson, Claudia D. (1994). Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources and Historic Documents. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-313-29193-7.
- ^ Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 7. April 1931". chroniknet. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ "Cermak Elected by 191,916". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 8, 1931. p. 1.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 8. April 1931". chroniknet. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ "Japanese Premier Quits; Was WOunded by Assassin". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 9, 1931. p. 2.
- ^ a b "Tageseinträge für 10. April 1931". chroniknet. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ "350 Bulgarian Prisoners Granted Easter Pardons". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 12, 1931. p. 4.
- ^ a b c "1931". Music And History. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (April 14, 1931). "'Jack the Ripper' on Stand; Tells of His Murders". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 22.
- ^ Allen, Jay (April 15, 1931). "Spain a Republic; King Flees". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
- ^ Casanova, Julián; Andrés, Carlos Gil (2014). Twentieth-Century Spain: A History. Cambridge University Press. p. xvii. ISBN 978-1-107-01696-5.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 14. April 1931". chroniknet. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ Taylor, Edmond (April 16, 1931). "Queen Cheered by Crowds as She Rides Away to Exile". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
- ^ "Ernie Lombardi 1931 Batting Gamelogs". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ Swenson, Egbert (April 17, 1931). "Paris Hurrahs for Alfonso". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "Alfonso Drops Title of King and Becomes a Duke". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 18, 1931. p. 4.
- ^ Allen, Jay (April 18, 1931). "Spain Thwarts Threat to Split Infant Republic". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 18. April 1931". chroniknet. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ Steele, John (April 21, 1931). "Hundreds Pray, but Britain Wins Sunday Movies". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 15.
- ^ "Boston Marathon Yearly Synopses (1897–2013)". Boston Marathon Media Guide. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ "British Empire Recognizes New Spain Republic". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 22, 1931. p. 1.
- ^ a b "Tageseinträge für 22. April 1931". chroniknet. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ Allen, Jay (April 24, 1931). "Spain's Republic Calls Elections for Parliament". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 8.
- ^ Aliperti, Cliff (August 14, 2012). "Smart Money (1931) Starring Edward G. Robinson and James Cagney". Immortal Ephemera. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ "Governor Halts Free Medicinal Liquor Measure". The Cornell Daily Sun. Ithaca, New York: 2. April 25, 1931.
- ^ "Founding Years". Porsche Engineering. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ Scott, Michael (1985). The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective, 2nd Ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-520-05512-4.
- ^ Steele, John (April 28, 1931). "Britain to Tax Land Values as Financial Cure". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 27. April 1931". chroniknet. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ "Legs Diamond Wounded by Mystery Shot". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 27, 1931. p. 1.
- ^ "Oil Well Blows Up; 14 Dead". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 29, 1931. p. 1.
- ^ "41 Die as Fire Traps Crowd on Fast Train". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 30, 1931. p. 1.
- ^ Schneider, Russell (2001). The Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia, 2nd Ed. Sports Publishing LLC. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-58261-376-5.
- ^ "50 Are Killed, 100 Injured As Bomb Factory Explodes". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 1, 1931. p. 3.