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Arabian Sea
بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ (Arabic)
Satellite imagery of the Northern Arabian Sea
The Arabian Sea as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization
LocationEast Africa, West Asia and South Asia
Coordinates14°N 65°E / 14°N 65°E / 14; 65
TypeSea
Part ofIndian Ocean
Basin countriesIndia
Iran
Maldives
Oman
Pakistan
Seychelles
Somalia
Sri Lanka
Yemen
Max. width2,400 km (1,500 mi)
Surface area3,862,000 km2 (1,491,000 sq mi) (3,600,000 to 4,600,000 km2 in various sources)
Max. depth4,652 m (15,262 ft)
IslandsAstola island, Basavaraj Durga Island, Bundal Island, Charna Island, Clifton Oyster Rocks, Khiprianwala Island, Lakshadweep, Malan Island, Manora Island, Masirah Island, Piram Island, Pirotan, Shams Pir, Socotra Archipelago
Location
Map
Interactive map of Arabian Sea

The Arabian Sea (Arabic: بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ, romanized: baḥr al-ʿarab)[1] is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea[2] and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia.[3] Its total area is 3,862,000 km2 (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 5,395 meters (17,700 feet). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf.

The Arabian Sea has been crossed by many important maritime trade routes throughout history, beginning in the 2nd or 3rd millennium BCE.[4] Notable seaports in the modern era include the Jawaharlal Nehru and Mormugao Ports in India, the Ports of Karachi, Qasim, and Gwadar in Pakistan, Chabahar Port in Iran, and the Port of Salalah in Oman. Among the largest islands in the Arabian Sea are Socotra (Yemen), Masirah (Oman), and Astola (Pakistan). The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Yemen, Oman, Pakistan, Iran, India and the Maldives on its western coasts.[5]

Geography

The Arabian Sea's surface area is about 3,862,000 km2 (1,491,130 sq mi).[5] The maximum width of the sea is approximately 2,400 km (1,490 mi), and its maximum depth is 5,395 metres (17,700 ft).[6] The largest river flowing into the sea is the Indus River.

The sea has two important arms: the Gulf of Aden in the southwest, connecting it with the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest, connecting it with the Persian Gulf. It also bounds the gulfs of Khambhat and Kutch on the Indian Coast.

Limits

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows:[7]

Hydrography

The International Indian Ocean Expedition in 1959 was among the first to perform hydrographic surveys of the Arabian Sea. Significant bathymetric surveys were also conducted by the Soviet Union during the 1960s.[8]

Significant features in the northern Arabian Sea include the Indus Fan, the second largest alluvial fan system in the world. The De Covilhao Trough, named after the 15th century Portuguese explorer Pero de Covilhăo, reaches depths of 4,400 metres (14,436 ft), separating the Indus Fan region from the Oman Abyssal Plain, which leads on into the Gulf of Oman.

The southern limits are dominated by the Arabian Basin, a deep basin reaching depths over 4,200 metres (13,780 ft). The northern sections of the Carlsberg Ridge flank the southern edge of the basin. The deepest parts of the Arabian Sea sit in the Alula-Fartak Trough on its western border with the Gulf of Aden. The trough, which reaches depths of over 5,360 metres (17,585 ft), runs through both bodies. The deepest known point in the Arabian Sea sits at a depth of 5,395 metres (17,700 ft).[where?] Other significant deep points sit within the Arabian Basin, including a 5,358 m (17,579 ft) deep point off the northern limit of Calrsberg Ridge.[6]

Internal waves off the east coast of Somalia

Seamounts

Prominent sea mounts off the Indian west coast include Raman Seamount, named after C. V. Raman, and Panikkar Seamount, named after N. K. Panikkar. Sind'Bad Seamount, named after the fictional explorer Sinbad the Sailor and Zheng He Seamount are some notable seamounts in the western Arabian Sea.[9][10]

Islands

Landsat view of Socotra, an island of Yemen

There are several islands in the Arabian Sea, all off the coast of major landmasses, with none at the sea's center.[5] The most notable islands include the Socotra Archipelago, Masirah, and Astola, as well as the Lakshadweep and Maldives islands off the coast of India, contained within the Laccadive Sea.

Astola Island, also known as Jezira Haft Talar in Balochi, or 'Island of the Seven Hills',[citation needed] is a small, uninhabited island in the northern tip of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan's territorial waters. It is a nesting ground for several rare species, include hawksbill and green sea turtles.[11]

Zalzala Koh off the coast of Pakistan only existed for a few years. The Mud Island was formed after the 2013 Balochistan earthquakes, but by 2016 had been completely submerged by the sea.[12] The volcanic Error and Wadia Guyots, southeast of the Socotra archipelago and west off the coast of Karnataka, respectively, similarly sat above sea level at some point in their history.[13][14]

Socotra, also spelled Soqotra, is the sea's largest island, part of a small archipelago of four islands under Yemeni jurisdiction. It lies some 240 km (150 mi) east of the Horn of Africa and 380 km (240 mi) south of the Arabian Peninsula. Masirah and the five Khuriya Muriya Islands lie off the southeastern coast of Oman.

Border and basin countries

Aerial view of Bombay/Mumbai Arabian Sea coastline

Coastline of border and basin countries:

  1.  India - 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi)
  2.  Pakistan - 1,050 kilometres (650 mi)[15]
  3.  Iran (Makran Coast) - ~ 130 kilometres (81 mi)[16][17] (No coastline on the Arabian Sea according to IHO delineations)
  4.  Maldives - None (contained by Laccadive Sea)
  5.  Oman (Excluding Gulf of Oman) - ~ 720 kilometres (450 mi)[18]
  6.  Yemen (Including Gulf of Aden) - ~ 1,640 kilometres (1,020 mi)[19][20]
  7.  Somalia (Cape Guardafui to Ras Hafun) - ~ 200 kilometres (120 mi)[21]

History

The Arabian Sea trade

Names, routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

The Arabian Sea has served as an important route for and center of maritime trade since the development of early coastal sailing vessels in the Northern Indian Ocean and Southern Arabia in the 4th and 3rd milleniums BCE. Trade along the shoreline is evidenced to have occurred as early as the 4th millenium,[22] while sea-borne trade possibly began as early as the 3rd millennium BCE, certainly by the late 2nd millennium BCE in the early stages of the Age of Sail.[23] Modern evidence points to a sea-borne trade between Sumer, Ancient Egypt, and the Indus Valley Civilization along the Arabian coast dating to the late 3rd millenium, with major Harappan ports, including Kanjetar and Lothal, situated along a route running from the Makran Coast to the Indus River Delta, on to sites once located on rivers draining into the Gulf of Khambat.[22][23] Contact between Egypt and Punt began with the Eighteenth Dynasty under Hatshepsut in the early 15th century BCE; ships mainly traversed the Red Sea and or tributaries of the Nile.[22]

By the time of Julius Caesar, several well-established combined land-sea trade routes flowing to the Roman Empire depended upon water transport through the Arabian Sea around the rough and desolate inland terrain features to its north. These routes usually began in the Far East or down river from Madhya Pradesh, India with transshipment via historic Bharuch (Bharakuccha), traversing past the inhospitable coast of modern-day Iran, then splitting near Hadhramaut, Yemen into two streams north into the Gulf of Aden and thence into the Levant, or south on to Alexandria via Red Sea ports such as Axum. Each major route involved the transshipment of goods to pack-animal caravans, which then travelled on through desert country, often interlaced with extortionate tolls by local rulers.

Good transport along the southern coastal route past the rough country of the southern Arabian Peninsula by sea was significant, and thus the Egyptian Pharaohs built several shallow canals to service the trade, one more or less along the route of today's Suez Canal, and another from the Red Sea to the Nile River; both shallow works were ultimately swallowed up by huge sand storms in antiquity.[24]

Imperialism and conflict

The Arabian Sea's unique geography and position as a crucial transit hub for goods travelling between Europe, East Africa, the Middle East, and Asia has encouraged efforts by numerous empires throughout history to establish imperial control over its bounding territories. This began as early as the 3rd century CE, when the kingdoms of the Southern Arabian Peninsula fell under the effective suzerainty of Sassanid Persia following its conquest of Oman and Bahrain.[25]

Modern economic and geopolitical activity

Petroleum and natural gas – shipping & production

Indian military vessels patrolling near an oil platform off the coast of Mumbai

A majority of the vast heavy oil and natural gas deposits in the Middle East are located at higher elevations in the Persian Gulf or inland north of the Arabian Basin.[26][27] Major natural gas deposits, though, have been found on the sea's eastern edge off the coast of Western India.[28][29] As a result of the former fact, traffic through the Strait of Hormuz on into the Arabian Sea accounts for roughly 25% of the global seaborne oil trade, transporting a majority of the crude oil exports of most Gulf nations.[30] It accounts for 19% of seaborne LNG trade, representing more than 90% of the total LNG exports of Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.[27] The vast majority of traffic, in both cases, is bound for Asia.[27][30]

Major ports and naval installations

See also: List of ports in India, List of ports in Pakistan, and Economy of Oman

Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai is the largest port in the Arabian Sea, and the largest container port in India. The major Indian ports of the Arabian Sea are the Jawaharlal Nehru and Mumbai Ports (Maharashtra), New Mangalore Port (Karnataka), Mundra, Kandla and Pipavav Ports (Gujarat), and Mormugão Port (Goa).[31][32]

International Container Transshipment Terminal at Kochi Port in India

The Port of Karachi is Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport, located on the country's southeastern coast. It is situated between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar. Gwadar Port is a warm-water, deep-sea port situated at Gwadar in Balochistan at the apex of the Arabian Sea near the entrance to the Persian Gulf, about 460 km west of Karachi, and approximately 75 km (47 mi) east of Pakistan's border with Iran. The port is located on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead-shaped peninsula jutting into the Arabian Sea from the coastline. 280 km east along the coast at Ormara sits Jinnah Naval Base, the country's second largest naval base, which is situated on a similarly shaped tombolo jutting into the Arabian.[33]

Oman is home to a variety of foreign military installations which provide auxiliary and support services to friendly vessels and crew. In the 2010s, the Port of Salalah in the country's south hosted personnel from a joint international task force combatting piracy in the Arabian Sea.[34] The British-Omani Duqm Naval Dockyard provides repair and maintenance services to vessels of friendly nations.[35] Additional facilities are operated by the United States Air Force on Masirah Island.[35]

The Port of Nishtoun is the only major Yemeni port facing the Arabian Sea, located on the country's far eastern coast near the border with Oman. Nishtoun is used as a coordination site between Yemeni merchants and regional trading partners in the Gulf, while fishing accounts for most of its annual stationary function.[36] In December 2025, the port was seized by forces of the U.A.E-backed Southern Transitional Council (STC).[37]

Climate and environment

Climate

See also: Climate of the Maldives, Climate of Oman, Climate of Somalia, and Coastal South West India

The Arabian Sea experiences a monsoon climate. Historically, minimum air temperatures of about 24 to 25 °C (75 to 77 °F) occurred between January and February, typically only exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) (via extension of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool) between June and November.[5] However, vacillating temperature extremes and dramatic meteorological events have become far more commonplace in recent years, producing significant fluctuations in this pattern.[38][39]

Mangrove forests in Karachi, Pakistan

The monsoon seasons

Main article: Monsoon

In mid to late summer, strong southwesterly winds blowing from the Horn of Africa and western Indian Ocean carry warm, moist air northeastwards, contributing to strong oceanic forcing across the Arabian Basin. This forcing produces the prototypical rainy period of the South Asian monsoon season, alongside numerous additional environmental and meteorological shifts throughout the region.[40] The winds produced during the southwest monsoon over the Arabian Sea, often referred to as the Findlater Jet, are heavily uniform northeastwards, and the strongest witnessed anywhere outside the Southern Ocean.[41] The southwest monsoon is preceded by the Arabian Sea Mini Warm Pool (ASMWP), a period of 2 to 3 months prior to the beginning of the summer monsoon wherein SST averages exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) persist across much of southeastern basin.[39] This gradual heating is reversed by mid-winter, when shallow, northeasterly winds carrying cool, dry air from the Hindu-Kush and Himalayas prevail.[41]

The summer monsoon has begun to accelerate and lengthen in recent years, with extreme rainy seasons repeatedly hitting both the Persian Gulf and South Asia.[42][43] It has become more erratic as well, resulting in heavy, violent, short-lived systems striking randomly within the basin.[42] These systems and other extreme climactic fluctuations have killed thousands across large parts of Asia.

Phytoplankton bloom over the Arabian Sea
Phytoplankton bloom over the Arabian Sea in winter (NASA)

Arabian Sea warming

Recent studies by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology confirmed that the Arabian Sea is warming monotonously.[44][45][46] Experts have consistently pointed to climate change and global and regional heating as playing a principal role in this trend.[42][43] The intensification and northward shift of the summer monsoon low-level jet over the Arabian Sea from 1979 to 2015 has led to increased upper ocean heat content, due to enhanced downwelling and reduced southward heat transport.[45] In much of the southeast Arabian Sea, the annual period during which Sea surface temperature (SST) normals exceeded 28 °C (82 °F) increased in length by roughly a month on average between 1982 and 2020.[47] Indian oceanographers recorded SSTs exceeding 32 °C (90 °F) in localized areas of the same region as early as 2007.[39] Moreover, 2024 stood as the hottest year in the Middle East on record, contributing to warming waters.[38]

Critically endangered humpback whale herd in the Arabian Sea
Dugong mother & her offspring in shallow waters

Wildlife

The Arabian Sea supports a diverse array of coastal and marine species, resulting from the extreme variability in climate and temperature seen within its basin, and the relative geographic isolation of its islands and the landmasses it borders from one another, producing distinct climactic and ecological conditions in different regions. Marine productivity in the Arabian Sea is highly variable throughout the year on account of the substantial difference in oceanic upwelling that takes place between different monsoonal regimes.[48][49] The upwelling during the summer monsoon season, however, is the most intense to occur of any region on the planet.[49]

The Arabian Sea LME

The Arabian Sea large marine ecosystem (ASLME) is an ecological region encompassing an area of approximately 3,900,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi) within the sea, Gulf of Aden, and Gulf of Oman below the continental shelf line, representing all populations of non-coastal marine life within the Arabian Basin..[48][49] Though the Persian Gulf is included in this region as well, it may be excluded from certain analyses and accounts of the ecosystem, owing to the significant difference between its physical and hydrographic characteristics and those of the larger basin.[48] In either case, the Arabian Sea LME remains one of the most biologically productive regions on the planet, owing to the vast store of nutrients driven up to the sea's surface each year by intense oceanic upwelling in the fall and summer months.[49]

Threats

The Arabian Sea's coastal and marine ecosystems face significant threats from human activity, including shipping, oil and gas extraction, military conflict, coastal development, and water desalination.[50]

Oxygen minimum zone

The Arabian Sea has one of the world's three largest oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), or “dead zones,” along with the eastern tropical North Pacific and the eastern tropical South Pacific. OMZs have very low levels of oxygen, sometimes so low as to be undetectable to standard equipment.[51] The Arabian Sea's OMZ has the lowest levels of oxygen in the world, most prevalently in the Gulf of Oman.[52]

Causes of the OMZ may include untreated sewage as well as high temperatures on the Indian subcontinent, which increase winds blowing towards India, bringing up nutrients and reducing oxygen in the Arabian Sea's waters.[53] The presence of the monsoons, combined with the sea's unique hydrography and circulation patterns have historically complicated natural re-oxygenation of sea water in the basin. Research from the University of Southampton published in 2026 studying the presence and circulation of nutrients and marine microorganisms in the Miocene Arabian projected a long-term future reversal of de-oxygenation in the world's oceans, even amidst global warming, but showed evidence that the Arabian Sea took longer than its neighbors to recover from worldwide ocean de-oxygenation, without offering a definitive conclusion as to its cause. Unlike then, eutrophication in the Arabian has progressed to the point of nitrogen being released from the sea into the atmosphere.[54][55] In winter, phytoplankton suited to low-oxygen conditions turn the OMZ bright green.[53]

See also

References

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Sources

Wikisource This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arabian Sea". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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