Arapahoe Formation
| Arapahoe Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Late Cretaceous | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | D1 Sequence[1] |
| Underlies | Denver Formation |
| Overlies | Laramie Formation |
| Thickness | Up to about 300 ft (91 m) |
| Location | |
| Region | Colorado |
| Country | United States |
| Type section | |
| Named by | Emmons, Cross and Eldridge (1896)[2] |
The Arapahoe Formation is a geological formation of latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) age that is present within the Denver Basin that underlies the Denver, Colorado, area.[3][4] The formation includes fossil leaves[5] and dinosaur remains, although none of the latter have yet been referred to a specific genus.[6] It also includes aquifers that are important sources of water for the area.[7]
The Arapahoe Formation consists of alluvial fan and fluvial deposits that prograded eastward from the growing Rocky Mountain Front Ranges. It rests unconformably on the Laramie Formation, and is conformably overlain by the Denver Formation. It reaches a maximum thickness of about 300 ft (91 m).
The base of the Arapahoe Formation is marked by a discontinuous conglomerate, or where the conglomerate is absent, by sandstone beds that commonly contain large ironstone concretions. The conglomerate is composed principally of chert pebbles, but pebbles of granite, gneiss and schist are also present. Medium grey to brown claystone makes up the majority of the formation, with lesser amounts of light grey to light brown quartzose sandstone. The formation top is marked by a change from sandstone and claystone to the tuffaceous sediments of the overlying Denver Formation.[5]
In 2002 the Arapahoe Formation was included as part of a larger unconformity-bounded unit named the D1 Sequence, in order to facilitate basin-wide studies and avoid confusion arising from the lateral and vertical facies changes that occur within the Denver Basin. The base of the D1 coincides with the base of the Arapahoe Formation and is marked by the abrupt change to conglomerate at the top of the Laramie Formation. The top D1 is placed at the base of a regional paleosol series. The Denver Formation and the Dawson Arkose are also included in the D1 Sequence.[1]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ a b Raynolds, R.G. 2002. Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphy of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 111-134.
- ^ Emmons, S.F., Cross, W. and Eldridge, G.H. 1896. Geology of the Denver Basin in Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph 27, p. 153.
- ^ Tweto, O. 1979. Geologic map of Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey, Map G77115.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey. "Geologic Unit: Arapahoe". Retrieved 2014-12-27.
- ^ a b Van Horn, R. 1957. Bedrock geology of the Golden Quadrangle, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey, Map GQ 103.
- ^ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
- ^ Raynolds, R.G. and Johnson, K.R. 2003. Synopsis of the stratigraphy and paleontology of the uppermost Cretaceous and lower Tertiary strata in the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, vol. 38, no. 1, p. 171-181.
References
- Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.