Archduchy of Austria

Archduchy of Austria Erzherzogtum Österreich
960–1918
Flag of the Archduchy Comital coat of arms of the Habsburgs
The Archduchy in 1477, shown in orange
Status	State of the Holy Roman Empire (until 1806)
Capital	Vienna
Common languages	Bavarian German
Religion	Roman Catholic
Government	Monarchy
Margrave
• 976–994	Leopold I (first margrave)
• 1136–41	Leopold IV¹ (last margrave)
Duke
• 1141–77	Henry II Jasomirgott¹ (first duke, from 1156)
• 1230–46	Frederick II (last Babenberg duke)
• 1278–91	Rudolf I (first Habsburg duke)
• 1330–58	Albert II² (last nominal duke)
Archduke
• 1358–65	Rudolf IV the Founder (first nominal archduke)
• 1457–93	Frederick V³ (first de jure archduke)
• 1804–35	Francis I4 (first emperor)
• 1916–18	Charles I (last emperor, died 1922)
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Battle of Lechfeld	955
• Margraviate established	960
• Raised to duchy	1156
• Raised to archduchy	1359
• Archduchy recognised     by the Empire	1453
• Austrian Empire     proclaimed5	August 11, 1804
• Empire dissolved;     archduchy partitioned     within German Austria	October 31, 1918 1918
• Treaty of St Germain	September 10, 1919
ISO 3166 code	AT
Preceded by Succeeded by March of Pannonia Lower Austria Upper Austria
1: Also Dukes of Bavaria from 1139. 2: Jointly duke until 1344, firstly with Otto the Merry, then with Leopold II. 3: Holy Roman Emperor, as Frederick III, from 1452–93; King of the Romans from 1440–93; Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola from 1424–93. Both the duchies and the archduchy were ruled with Albert VI to 1463. 4: Holy Roman Emperor, as Francis II, from 1792–1806. 5: The Archduchy remained as a Cisleithanian Kronland within the Empire, as one of the many territories held in personal union by the Habsburg emperors.

The Archduchy of Austria (German: Erzherzogtum Österreich), one of the most important states within the Holy Roman Empire, was the center of the Habsburg Monarchy and the predecessor of the Austrian Empire. Over nearly 700 years, it evolved from a margravate to the center of an empire. With its capital at Vienna, the archduchy was centered in the area of the current Austrian federal state of Lower Austria and included most of what is now Upper Austria as well.

Marchia Orientalis under the Babenbergers

Main article: March of Austria

In Carolingian times and during the early Middle Ages, the core of territory that would become the Archduchy of Austria was known as marchia orientalis or "eastern march". Ethnic German migrants displaced earlier Slavic populations in the 9th and 10th centuries and, after the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, the area became one of the marches of the Holy Roman Empire and was given a margrave around 960. From 976, the territory was ruled by the Babenberg dynasty and it came to be known as Ostarrîchi ("Eastern Realm"), the linguistic ancestor of the German name for Austria, Österreich.

Duchy of Austria

In 1156, the margravate was raised to the status of a duchy through the Privilegium Minus issued by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. In 1278, Rudolph I defeated Ottokar II of Bohemia and secured the duchy for the Habsburg dynasty.

Archduchy of Austria

In 1359, the forged Privilegium Maius was used by Duke Rudolf IV to elevate the status of the duchy to that of archduchy, but the action was not recognized by the Holy Roman Empire. Ernest was the first to adopt the title of archduke. The archduchy was not formally recognized, however, until the Habsburgs gained control of the office of Holy Roman Emperor in 1453 under Frederick III. Austria was the only state ever to be designated an archduchy. From the 16th century, members of the House of Habsburg held the title of archduke or archduchess similar to "princes or princesses of the blood" in other European royal houses. From 1512, the archduchy was also the center of an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Circle, which mostly consisted of the Habsburg hereditary lands.

Habsburg Empire

In 1804, Emperor Francis II promoted his territory within the Holy Roman Empire from archduchy to empire in reaction to Napoleon I's proclamation of the French Empire; two years later Francis formally dissolved the defunct Holy Roman Empire. The Archduchy of Austria continued to exist as a constituent crown land (Kronland) within the empire although it was divided into Upper and Lower Austria for some purposes. The title of archduke continued to be used by members of the imperial family and the archduchy was only formally dissolved in 1918 with collapse of Austria-Hungary and the creation of the separate federal states of Lower and Upper Austria in the new Republic of German Austria.

See also

• History of Austria
• Habsburg Monarchy
• Babenberg
• Holy Roman Empire
• Austrian Empire
• Austria-Hungary
• List of rulers of Austria