Asterinidae

Asterinidae
Anseropoda placenta
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Echinodermata
Class:	Asteroidea
Order:	Valvatida
Family:	Asterinidae Gray, 1840
Genera
25, see text.

The Asterinidae are a large family of sea stars in the order Valvatida.

Description and characteristics

These are generally small sea stars, flattened dorsally and bearing very short arms, often giving a pentagonale shape in the body (except in some species possessing more than 5 arms). The periphery of the body is thin and formed by indistinct, tiny marginal plates. They are characterized by their aborale face formed by plates shaped like crescents, sometimes giving a "knitted" appearance to the skin.

The abyssal species can be bigger, like those of the genus Anseropoda, which can exceed 45 cm in diameter.

Biology

Most of the species are small and relatively cryptic: they are often found hidden under rocks or in crevices, for example. Several species have access to a fissiparous asexual reproduction, multiplying their reproductive potential. For that reason, some species of the genera Meridiastra and Aquilonastra can sometimes appear spontaneously in aquariums, where they can proliferate from just one larva imported inadvertently. Some species can brood their young (which thus do not pass through a planctonic larval stage), such as Asterina panceri.

Most of the species feed on food fragments and algal or bacterial mat covering the substratum, evaginating their stomach on their food (a frequent feeding mode in sea stars). However, some species like Stegnaster inflatus takes advantage of their webbed shape to form a "trap" by heightening on the tip of their arms, and suddenly falling on a prey which would have believed to find shelter there.

They can be found in almost all the seas of the world, from the abysses to the surface and from the poles to the tropics.

Genera

This family comprises about 21 genera and 116 species according to O'Loughlin & Waters (2004), whereas the World Asteroidea Database states that it includes 150 species in 25 genera.

Genera included in the family according to the World Asteroidea Database:

• Ailsastra O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2005
• Allopatiria Verrill, 1913
• Anseropoda Nardo, 1834
• Aquilonastra O'Loughlin in O'Loughlin & Waters, 2004
• Asterina Nardo, 1834
• Asterinides Verrill, 1913
• Asterinopsis Verrill, 1913
• Callopatiria Verrill, 1913
• Cryptasterina Dartnall & al. 2003
• Disasterina Perrier, 1875
• Indianastra O'Loughlin in O'Loughlin & Waters, 2004
• Kampylaster Koehler, 1920
• Manasterina H.L. Clark, 1938
• Meridiastra O'Loughlin, 2002
• Nepanthia Gray, 1840
• Paranepanthia Fisher, 1917
• Parvulastra O'Loughlin in O'Loughlin & Waters, 2004
• Patiria Gray, 1840
• Patiriella Verrill, 1913
• Pseudasterina Aziz & Jangoux, 1985
• Pseudonepanthia A.H. Clark, 1916
• Pseudopatiria O'Loughlin in O'Loughlin & Waters, 2004
• Stegnaster Sladen, 1889
• Tegulaster Livingstone, 1933
• Tremaster Verrill, 1880
• Ctenaster L. Agassiz, 1836
• Desmopatiria Verrill, 1913

• 
  Anseropoda placenta
• 
  Aquilonastra conandae
• 
  Asterina gibbosa
• 
  Callopatiria granifera
• 
  Cryptasterina sp.
• 
  Nepanthia maculata
• 
  Patiria miniata
• 
  Patiriella regularis
• 
  Pseudonepanthia troughtoni
• 
  Stegnaster inflatus
• 
  Tremaster mirabilis

Bibliography

• P. M. O'Loughlin; J. M. Waters (2004). "A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)" (PDF). Memoirs of Museum Victoria. 61 (1): 1–40.
• Maria Byrne (2006). "Life history diversity and evolution in the Asterinidae" (PDF). Integrative and Comparative Biology: 1–12. doi:10.1093/icb/icj033.

External links

• Mah, Christopher L. (June 24, 2015). "Better know The Asterinidae: Familiar & Unfamiliar!". The Echinoblog.
• World Register of Marine Species link: Asterinidae (+species list)
• "Asterinidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.