Australasian darter
| Australasian darter | |
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| Australasian darter, Anhinga novaehollandiae | |
| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | A. novaehollandiae
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| Binomial name | |
| Anhinga novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847)
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| Distribution map | |
| Synonyms | |
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Anhinga laticeps (De Vis, 1906) | |
The Australasian darter or Australian darter (Anhinga novaehollandiae) is a species of bird in the darter family, Anhingidae. It is found in Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. It weighs around 2.6 kg and spans 86–94 cm (34–37 in) in length.
Taxonomy
John Gould described the Australasian darter as Plotus novaehollandiae in 1847.[2] Closely related to American (Anhinga anhinga), African (Anhinga rufa), and Oriental (Anhinga melanogaster) darters, the Australasian darter has been classed as a subspecies of the African or African plus Oriental darters. All four have also been classed as a single species. Examination of the leg bones indicates the three Old World species are more closely related to each other with the American species more divergent.[3] Genetic analysis showed it differed from A. rufa to a degree equivalent to that between other separate species, and shifted consensus to treating the Australasian darter as a separate species.[4][5]
Fossils of the Australasian darter have been recovered from several Pleistocene strata in Australia.[6]
As well as Australasian darter, common names given to the species include darter, diver, needle-beak shag, shag, and snake-bird.[7] The indigenous people of southwestern Australia called it mimal.[8] Gold also called it the New Holland darter or New Holland devil-bird.[9]
Description
The Australasian darter is a slim bird measuring 86–94 cm (34–37 in) long with a snakelike slender neck. The male has black plumage with a white streak down the side of its head and neck, while the female has white underparts.[10]
Distribution and habitat
Typical habitat is freshwater or brackish wetlands more than 0.5 m deep with fallen trees or logs and vegetated banks; less commonly, darters are found in inland saltwater environments. The Australasian darter is found in the lowlands of New Guinea, New Britain, the Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands.[11] It is found across Australia, though not in the Great Sandy or Great Victoria Deserts or Nullarbor Plain,[10] nor Tasmania.
Feeding
The Australasian darter forages in water, often with only its head and neck exposed. Its feathers soak up water in spaces between them, allowing the bird to reduce its natural buoyancy and swim underwater.[12] It eats a wide variety of fish such as Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni), bony bream (Nematalosa erebi), queensland mouth breeder (Glossamia aprion), surf bream (Acanthopagrus australis), spangled perch (Leiopotherapon unicolor), flathead gudgeon (Philypnodon grandiceps), and introduced species such as redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis), goldfish (Carassius auratus) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). The snake-necked tortoise (Chelodina novaeguineae) is a prey item, as are many invertebrates including freshwater shrimp, worms and cephalopods, and insects such as flies, moths, water scavenger beetles (hydrophilidae), water beetles (dytiscidae), water boatmen (corixidae), giant water bugs (Diplonychus rusticus), and backswimmers (notonectidae).[13]
Breeding
The Australasian darter breeds throughout its range on or near bodies of fresh or inland salt water. Breeding process will takes place once a year, or twice on rare occasions of two floods in the one year. Breeding takes place in spring (August to October) in southern Australia, during the wet season (January to March/April) in northern Australia,[14] in April in the Trans-Fly region of southern New Guinea, August and September in the Lower Fly and July and November around Port Moresby.[11] The nest is a large, wide dish-shaped structure made of sticks and lined with reeds, leaves and rushes, often located in the branches of a partly submerged tree or tree overhanging water. Darters often build their nests in cormorant colonies, where the nests can be distinguished by their larger size and lack of guano.[14]
Three to five elongated oval eggs are laid, measuring 56 by 34 mm. They are pale blue but covered in a layer of chalky lime, and become progressively scratched and stained over the incubation period.[14]
Various views and plumages
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Immature male -
Male preening -
Male drying its wings -
Female in flight -
During a successful fishing expedition -
Female -
References
- ^ "Anhinga novaehollandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. IUCN: e.T22696719A40289109. 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Gould, John (1847). "On eight species of Australian birds; and on Anthus minimus Vig. and Hors., as the type of a new genus Chthonicola Gould". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 31–35 [34].
- ^ Harrison, C.J.O. (1978). "Osteological differences in the leg bones of two forms of Anhinga". Emu. 78 (4): 230–31. doi:10.1071/MU9780230.
- ^ Kennedy, Martyn; Holland, Barbara R.; Gray, Russell D.; Spencer, Hamish G. (2005). "Untangling Long Branches: Identifying Conflicting Phylogenetic Signals Using Spectral Analysis, Neighbor-Net, and Consensus Networks". Systematic Biology. 54 (4): 620–33. doi:10.1080/106351591007462.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter (2008). Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
- ^ Mackness, Brian (1995). "Anhinga malagurala, a New Pygmy Darter From the Early Pliocene Bluff Downs Local Fauna, North-eastern Queensland". Emu. 95 (4): 265–71. doi:10.1071/MU9950265.
- ^ Australian Biological Resources Study (18 April 2014). "Species Anhinga novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847)". Australian Faunal Directory. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
- ^ Abbott, Ian (2009). "Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage" (PDF). Conservation Science Western Australia Journal. 7 (2): 213–78 [241].
- ^ Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013). Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-643-10471-6.
- ^ a b Iain Campbell, Sam Woods, Nick Leseberg (2014). Birds of Australia: A Photographic Guide. Princeton University Press. p. 106. ISBN 9781400865109.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Bruce M. Beehler, Thane K. Pratt (2016). Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics. Princeton University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9781400880713.
- ^ Penny Olsen, Leo Joseph (2011). Stray Feathers: Reflections on the Structure, Behaviour and Evolution of Birds. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643094932.
- ^ Barker, Robin Dale; Vestjens, Wilhelmus Jacobus Maria (1984). The Food of Australian Birds: (I) Non-passerines. Melbourne University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-643-05007-8.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Beruldsen, Gordon (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 192-93. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
