Killing of Oscar Grant

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Killing of Oscar Grant
Part of Police brutality in the United States
A screenshot of Grant pinned down as police are handcuffing him, moments before the shooting; this was captured from one of the videos that recorded the police incident.
LocationOakland, California, U.S.
DateJanuary 1, 2009; 15 years ago (2009-01-01)
2:15 a.m. PST (10:15 UTC)
Attack type
Homicide, manslaughter, police killing, shooting
VictimOscar Grant III, aged 22
PerpetratorJohannes Mehserle
Verdict
  • Guilty of involuntary manslaughter and gun enhancement
  • Not guilty of second-degree murder and voluntary manslaughter
  • Gun enhancement conviction overturned by trial judge
ConvictionsInvoluntary manslaughter
Sentence14 months and 30 days in prison
ChargesSecond-degree murder, voluntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, and gun enhancement
Litigation$50 million (originally $25 million) lawsuit by John Burris against BART on behalf of Grant's mother and daughter was settled for $2.8 million; Grant's father's lawsuit was denied

Oscar Grant III was a 22-year-old African-American man who was killed in the early morning hours of New Year's Day 2009 by BART Police Officer Johannes Mehserle in Oakland, California. Responding to reports of a fight on a crowded Bay Area Rapid Transit train returning from San Francisco, BART Police officers detained Grant and several other passengers on the platform at the Fruitvale BART Station. BART officer Anthony Pirone kneed Grant in the head and forced Grant to lie face down on the platform. Mehserle drew his pistol and shot Grant. Grant was rushed to Highland Hospital in Oakland and pronounced dead later that day. The events were captured on bystanders’ mobile phones. Owners disseminated their footage to media outlets and to various websites where it went viral. Both protests and riots took place in the following days.

Some of the other passengers on the train, along with Grant's girlfriend Sophina, were able to break up the fight. Shortly afterward, the train conductor announced to the passengers that the police had been contacted and were on their way to the station at which they were stopped. As the passengers began to exit the train, Grant and his girlfriend saw the police walking towards them and split up. As they got closer to the train, police started to pick out people they believed to have been involved in the fight. Pirone walked up to two African-American men and ripped the jacket off one. Pirone threw three people against the wall and then turned to the train, yelling for everyone involved in the fight to exit the train and come to him. Everyone remained on the train, so Pirone walked into the train to see if there was anyone who looked as if they were involved in the fight. Pirone saw Grant and removed him.

On January 30, 2010, Alameda County prosecutors charged Mehserle with second-degree murder in their indictment for the shooting. Mehserle resigned from his position and pleaded not guilty. The trial began on June 10, 2010. On July 8, 2010, Mehserle was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter and not guilty of the murder charge and voluntary manslaughter.

Though initial protests on July 8, 2010, against the jury verdict were peacefully organized, after dark there were incidents of looting, arson, destruction of property, and small riots. Nearly 80 people were eventually arrested. On November 5, 2010, Mehserle was sentenced to two years, minus time served. He served his time in Los Angeles County Jail protective custody, held in a private cell for his safety. On June 13, 2011, Mehserle was released under parole after serving 11 months.[1]

Oakland civil rights attorney John Burris filed a $25 million wrongful death claim against BART on behalf of Grant's family. BART settled with Grant's daughter and mother for a total of $2.8 million in 2011. It also settled with several of Grant's friends who had sued for damages because of police brutality. A separate suit by Grant's father did not result in a jury award, as it was decided that due to his imprisonment he was not sufficiently involved in Grant's life.

The killing, and the protests against it, were an important precursor to the Black Lives Matter movement, which began in 2013.[2] The biographical drama film Fruitvale Station (2013), written and directed by Ryan Coogler, portrays the last 24 hours of Grant's life, his killing, and the immediate aftermath.

Involved parties[edit]

Oscar Grant III[edit]

Oscar Grant III

Oscar Juliuss Grant III (February 27, 1986[3] – January 1, 2009) lived in Hayward, California.[4] He worked as a meat cutter at Farmer Joe's Marketplace in Oakland's Dimond District after jobs at several Kentucky Fried Chicken outlets.[5] He had attended both San Lorenzo and Mount Eden high schools in San Lorenzo and Hayward, respectively, until the 10th grade and eventually earned his GED.[5] Grant was on parole at the time of his death, having been released from prison following a sixteen-month sentence for gun possession.[6][7]

Grant's funeral was held at the Palma Ceia Baptist Church in Hayward on January 7, 2009.[8] Grant's mother, sister, daughter, and girlfriend (his daughter's mother) filed a wrongful death claim against BART following his death. It was settled in 2011.

Johannes Mehserle[edit]

Johannes Sebastian Mehserle (born 1982, in Germany)[9] was raised in the Bay Area.[10] Mehserle graduated from New Technology High School in Napa, California.

Mehserle joined the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Police in March 2007.[11] After the shooting, he was denounced by many witnesses, who reported to the media that he had shot Grant without any reason.[citation needed]

Incident[edit]

Oscar Grant had been celebrating with his friends at The Embarcadero in San Francisco on New Year's Eve. He and about eight friends returned to East Bay in the lead car of a BART train bound for Fruitvale, a station in Oakland.[12][13][14] BART offered extended service and a special "Flash Pass" for the New Year's Eve holiday.[15][16]

At approximately 2:00 a.m. PST, BART Police responded to reports of a physical altercation involving up to 20 people on an incoming train from the West Oakland BART Station; the participants were described as "hammered and stoned".[12][10][17]

BART Officers Tony Pirone and Marysol Domenici were the first officers to arrive at the scene. The officers removed Grant and several other men suspected of fighting from the train and detained them on the platform. Pirone handcuffed Grant's friend, angering other riders.[12] Pirone lined up Grant and two other men against the wall.[12][18]

When five other officers, including Johannes Mehserle and his partner Woffinden, arrived at the Fruitvale station, they found the situation "chaotic", according to their accounts.[12][4][19]

Fruitvale BART station, where Grant was shot and killed

BART Officer Marysol Domenici was the first officer on the scene along with her partner, Tony Pirone. They tried to take control of passengers coming off the train. Domenici testified at the BART incident hearing that Grant and his friends swore at her and did not obey her orders. She is quoted as having testified that: "If they would've followed orders, this wouldn't have happened. They probably would've just been cited and released."[20] A subsequent internal investigation conducted by an outside law firm retained by BART found that Pirone lied when he claimed to have confirmed with the train operator that the men the BART police detained on the platform were involved in the reported train fight.[21] The train operator recalled informing Pirone that she was unsure whether those detained had been involved in the fight.

A cell phone video broadcast on local television station KTVU on January 23 showed what appeared to be Pirone rushing towards one of the detained men and punching him in the face, multiple times, two minutes before the shooting.[12][18][22] Grant's family alleges in their civil claim against BART that an officer threw Grant against a wall and kneed him in the face.[23] Videos captured by bystanders contradicted Pirone's claims to investigators, showing Grant, a 22-year-old Hayward resident, never tried to punch or kick Pirone. To the contrary, the internal investigation report found that Pirone struck Grant in the head and kneed him, likely causing injuries documented in his autopsy, including head fractures and a hematoma. Until the report became public in May 2019, Pirone's attorney had maintained that Grant provoked Pirone by trying to knee the officer in the groin and by hitting Domenici's arm when she tried to handcuff one of Grant's friends.[24][25]

Witnesses testified that Pirone was the aggressor during the incident.[26] An attorney for Grant's family, John Burris, also disputed Pirone's account, saying that Grant and his friends were "peaceful" when the train stopped.[25] Grant raised his hands while seated against the platform wall.[27] Additional footage from a cell phone was presented in court showing Pirone standing over the prone Grant before the shooting and yelling: "Bitch-ass nigger, right?" Pirone and his attorney say he was repeating an insulting epithet that Grant had yelled at him.[28]

While dozens of people from the stopped train shouted and cursed at officers, Mehserle and Pirone positioned Grant face-down. According to Pirone, Grant was disobeying instructions and cursing at officers.[10] Witnesses said that Grant pleaded with BART police not to shock him with a taser.[5] Pirone knelt on Grant's neck and told him that he was under arrest for resisting an officer.[10][18]

Mehserle tried to handcuff Grant but could not reach his hands. He stood up, unholstered his gun, a SIG Sauer P226,[10] and fired a shot into Grant's back.[27] Immediately after the shooting, Mehserle appeared surprised and raised his hands to his face.[10][29] Several witnesses say Mehserle said "Oh my God!" several times after the shooting.[30] The .40 caliber bullet from Mehserle's semi-automatic handgun entered Grant's back, exited through his front side and ricocheted off the concrete platform, puncturing his lung.[29][31] According to one witness, Grant yelled, "You shot me! I got a four-year-old daughter!"[32] Grant died seven hours later, at 9:13 a.m., at Highland Hospital in Oakland.[4]

Initially there were rumors that Grant was handcuffed before he was killed. But court filings by the district attorney's office say that Grant's hands were behind his back and that he was "restrained and unarmed" but do not say he was handcuffed. Mehserle said he feared that Grant was "going for his waistband" and a gun.[10][33][34] The day after the shooting, BART spokesman Jim Allison said that Grant was not restrained when he was shot,[15] and multiple witnesses testified that Grant refused to give up his hands for handcuffing prior to the shooting.[35] The family's claim against BART stated that Grant was handcuffed only after he was shot.[23]

Video evidence[edit]

Direct evidence of the shooting was documented by video cameras held by passengers on the train idling next to the platform, as police detained Grant and a number of other men suspected of being involved in the disturbance.[36] Several witnesses testified during the preliminary hearing for Mehserle's trial that they began recording because they believed BART officers were acting too aggressively.[26] They gave the videos to television news, which broadcast them; others posted videos on the internet.[27]

Oakland attorney John Burris, who represented the family in their suit against BART over Grant's death, said BART confiscated numerous cell phone images [?] that he believed contain additional evidence of the killing.[37] Alameda County District Attorney Tom Orloff said video confiscated by BART was useful in bringing the murder charge against Mehserle.[38] Witnesses at the scene said police attempted to confiscate cameras.[39][40][41] These claims were never acknowledged by BART police.[12]

Orloff, the district attorney, said that several passenger videos that had not been made public were "very helpful" in the investigation.[33]

On January 2, KTVU aired a video by an anonymous passenger who submitted a cell phone video of the shooting. On January 23, KTVU aired a cell-phone video which appeared to show a second officer punching Grant in the face prior to the shooting.[22] In late February, KRON 4 aired a clip of a video showing a different angle of this altercation.[citation needed]

BART spokesperson Linton Johnson described the surveillance footage from the Fruitvale platform cameras as "benign". He said the platform cameras had recorded some of the incident, but footage did not include the shooting.[4][42]

Frank Borelli, a retired police officer and writer, said that the scene as shown in the video moments before the shooting would be as important to understanding what happened as the shooting itself.[43] "The four officers have to be operating under a high level of stress given the relatively confined setting and the people on the BART train who are expressing, in a very loud vocal fashion, their displeasure with the officers' actions. Those officers, should things go bad for them, are vastly outnumbered by a group of people who have already voiced their unhappiness with the police."[44]

After viewing the shooting from multiple angles, police use-of-force expert Roy Bedard, who initially said he thought the shooting was an accident, changed his mind. He said: "I hate to say this, it looks like an execution to me" and "It really looks bad for the officer."[44] University of San Francisco law professor Robert Talbot said the videos could support a claim of an accidental shooting: "Nothing about his [Mehserle] body looks murderous."[45]

Influence of videos[edit]

Video evidence of the incident were widely broadcast and streamed online. Seven hundred thousand people viewed the videos in the first few days after the shooting.[44] One local television station video posted to its website was downloaded more than 500,000 times in four days,[46] and one independent media video posted to the internet averaged more than 1,000 views per hour.[44] Seeing direct evidence of the shooting resulted in public outrage and protests and fueled riots.[47]

BART review and investigation process[edit]

After the 2009 shooting, Mehserle submitted to drug and alcohol testing per BART's standard operating procedure.[27] The results showed no drugs or alcohol in his system.[48] He retained a criminal defense attorney and refused to speak to the authorities, invoking the Public Safety Officers Procedural Bill of Rights Act (California Government Code section 3300–3313)[49] and the Fifth Amendment, claiming potential self-incrimination.[50]

BART organized an internal investigation of the incident. On January 5, 2009, Mehserle's attorney postponed a scheduled meeting by BART investigators, seeking to defer it. BART Police administration and investigators commanded the officer to attend an investigative interview on January 7. Mehserle did not attend; instead his attorney and his BART Police Officers Association union representative came and submitted his letter of resignation.[11][51]

Mehserle and his family received a number of death threats after videos of the shooting appeared, and he moved at least twice. His parents temporarily left their Napa home because of death threats to the family.[11][50]

Domenici testified at the investigation hearing. She was terminated by BART based on an accusation that she was untruthful in her statements to transit investigators. She appealed the firing. On December 18, 2010, it was reported that San Francisco labor arbitrator William Riker ordered the former officer re-instated with full back pay because there was no basis to find that Domenici was not telling the truth.[20]

Aftermath[edit]

The shooting and the subsequent uprisings were covered in regional, national,[27][52] and international news.[53][54][55] Video images of the shooting were widely broadcast and streamed online in the days following Grant's death. Several hundred thousand viewed the videos in the first few days after the incident.[44] Widespread dissemination of the direct evidence of the shooting led to public outrage, protests, and fueled riots.[56]

Police in riot gear were dispatched and made efforts to disperse the crowds. During the course of the evening of January 8, there was peaceful protest, with some of the protesters turning to rioting and rampant property vandalism. A black bloc and other rioters smashed hundreds of car and shop windows,[57] several private cars, and numerous trash containers and dumpsters. Public buildings such as the Oakland Police Internal Affairs office and the almost restored Fox Theatre were heavily vandalized.[58] The rioting wound down later in the evening. Police made at least 105 arrests for suspicion of various offenses. More than 300 businesses were affected by the vandalism.[59]

Community members and activists decried the shooting incident as another case of police brutality. There was a broad public perception that BART Police and the Alameda County District Attorney's office were not conducting an effective investigation because, according to an East Bay Times article, BART completed the shooting investigation on January 12, 2009, 11 days after the shooting occurred.[60] Others were angry that Mehserle allegedly did not cooperate with Police and District Attorney's Office investigators.[61]

Fruitvale protest and march; downtown rioting[edit]

On January 7, 2009, protests over the shooting and administration of justice began peacefully about 3:30 p.m. with about 500 people gathering at the Fruitvale station.[62] In the early evening, some of the protesters marched toward Oakland's central business district and downtown. Over 200 Oakland police officers were dispatched in an attempt to disperse the protesters. Police roadblocked streets and diverted vehicle and foot traffic. After entering the central business district, the march continued to BART Police command and control headquarters at 8th & Madison streets near the Lake Merritt BART station.

Once at BART Police Command and Control, a contingent of angry protesters surrounded a police car. The officer driving the car fled on foot.[63] Meanwhile, a group of 30 to 40 demonstrators broke out the cruiser's windows and attempted to overturn it. A line of police wearing gas masks swept up behind the rear of the march and deployed tear gas in an attempt to disperse the crowd.[63]

The protest continued as the crowd marched along 8th Street through Chinatown. At Broadway, officers wearing gas masks deployed more tear gas canisters and acted quickly to charge and disperse the crowd as they approached the vicinity of Oakland Police headquarters at 7th and Broadway.[64]

The protest regrouped downtown at the intersection of 14th and Broadway, blocking motor vehicle traffic.[65] Some of the protesters lay face down in the intersection, in a symbolic act of solidarity with Grant, who was killed in the same position.[63] Others shouted at police and chanted in unison. Others carried signs that read, "Your idea of justice?" and "Jail Killer Cops"[63] and lit candles in remembrance of Grant.

Police in helmets and gas masks grouped in standing line formations on the south, west, and north sides of the intersection, allowing an avenue of retreat down 14th Street on the east side of the intersection.[63]

About an hour later, police gave orders to disperse and fired tear gas, rubber bullets,[66] and other less-lethal weapons and devices at demonstrators.[67] Protestors threw bottles, rocks, and other objects at police.[68] Police pushed the crowd east along 14th Street into Lakeside, and the scene dissolved into a riot along the 14th Street spine.

Numerous helicopters which had been airborne throughout the evening converged on the area. Law enforcement helicopters shone powerful spotlights down onto surface streets,[69] while media helicopters shot video, which were broadcast in real time on local television stations.

In the ensuing hours, a small clutch[70] of rioters burned the contents of trash cans, dumpsters, newspaper boxes and set fire to at least five cars, including an Oakland police patrol car. Some rioters smashed the windshields of parked cars.[71] The riot spread deep into Lakeside, and cars were burned and heavily damaged on Madison Street. Other rioters in this clutch broke storefront windows, including those of a McDonald's fast-food restaurant at Jackson and 14th Streets. The night of the riot coincided with trash collection day the following morning and numerous trash dumpsters and containers were parked curbside. Rioters used these dumpsters to start fires along city streets.[72] Rioters damaged some of the carefully restored historic woodwork and terra cotta on the nearly restored Fox Theater. Damage to the Fox was preliminarily estimated at $10,000 to $20,000.[71]

Dellums' appearance and rioting flare up[edit]

As the rioting moved east toward Lake Merritt, Oakland Mayor Ron Dellums and Larry Reid held an impromptu press conference at 14th and Jackson Streets, along the spine of the rioting, and called for the crowd to disperse peacefully.[63] Dellums peacefully marched with the crowd back West along 14th Street to the steps of City Hall, where he attempted to address the crowd. After the crowd reacted negatively, he cut the meeting short and entered City Hall.

Demonstrators continued through City Hall Plaza, with angry splinter groups of rioters smashing the windows of Oakland Police Department's Internal Affairs and Recruiting Office at the east side of 250 Frank Ogawa Plaza. Windows of police cruisers parked outside the offices were also smashed.

The protesters continued east along 17th Street, crossing Broadway and Franklin, where rioters broke numerous storefront windows,[69] before continuing back into Lakeside, lighting discarded Christmas trees on fire. Police continued their efforts to disperse the crowds, and rioting continued on Broadway downtown.

The rioting wound down around 10:40 p.m.[63] in the vicinity of 20th Street and Broadway outside the Paramount Theater, where police detained around 80 individuals for various offenses. Most were cited and released for complaints which include inciting a riot, vandalism, assault on a police officer, and arson. Police recovered two handguns from the rioters.[73] Around 120 people in total were arrested for offenses arising from the protests during the course of the evening.[74] Two have been charged to date.

Fruitvale, Lake Merritt, and 12th Street BART stations were temporarily shut down at various points during the evening.

Numerous media photographers and videographers, both affiliated and independent,[75] filmed the scene from close proximity on the ground.[76] Media helicopters shot video of developments from overhead, which were broadcast in real time on local television stations.[77]

Reaction from the business community and city officials[edit]

The riots augmented the perception of crime in Oakland, adding to the previous year's run of takeover robberies, and were a challenge to overcome for greater economic investment.[78] The Dellums administration held a press conference in City Hall Hearing room 4 on January 8, and decried the riots as regressive. Dellums noted there were riots in the streets of Oakland in 1967, 40 years ago, "and here we are, still smashing cars".[79] Dellums noted that people were upset and had "lost faith in the process" because of what he called lack of communication by BART officials and the district attorney's office in the days after Grant was killed. BART has also been criticized for not ordering Mehserle to speak to internal affairs earlier.[80]

Criminal trial[edit]

On January 12, Alameda County District Attorney Tom Orloff filed a complaint for murder and an Alameda County Superior Court Judge signed a fugitive arrest warrant, as Mehserle had left the city. He was arrested January 13 at a friend's home in the Zephyr Cove, Nevada, area near Lake Tahoe. His attorney said Mehserle had gone after receiving death threats in the Bay Area.[33] Mehserle waived extradition, and was held in protective custody at the Santa Rita Jail in Dublin, California.[33] Mehserle pleaded not guilty at his arraignment January 15.[81] On July 9, 2010, the U.S. Justice Department opened a civil rights investigation against Mehserle, but closed the investigation without filing charges.[82]

On January 30, Alameda County Superior Court Judge Morris Jacobson set bail for Mehserle at $3 million.[10] A week later, with the help of fundraising from the police union,[83] Mehserle posted bail.[84]

Alameda County District Attorney Tom Orloff refused to speculate whether Mehserle would be charged with first or second-degree murder, saying "What I feel the evidence indicates is an unlawful killing done by an intentional act and from the evidence we have there's nothing that would mitigate that to something lower than a murder."[85][86] Orloff noted Mehserle's refusal to explain himself as a reason for charging him with murder, rather than manslaughter.[33] Orloff said he would fight any motion to change venue for the trial.[33]

Mehserle retained Pleasant Hill criminal defense attorney Michael Rains, who previously successfully represented one of the Oakland Riders.[87] Before Mehserle retained Rains, the attorney was quoted as saying that it could be difficult to prosecute Mehserle for murder because the law discourages "second-guessing and hindsighting" of police officers, who tend to be favorably viewed by juries.[88] Mehserle's defense was paid for by a statewide fund for police officers.[87]

Bail hearing[edit]

At a January 30 bail hearing, Rains told the court that Mehserle had carried a Taser for only a few shifts prior to the January 1 shooting, and he mistakenly deployed his service weapon when he thought Grant was reaching for a gun.[10] Rains said, "Mr. Grant was actively, actively, actively resisting arrest."[89] He said that some witnesses heard Mehserle say, "Get back, I'm gonna taze him."[90] Rains said he plans to call witnesses who will show "there was a level of resistance by Oscar Grant and others that will negate malice."

The prosecutors' theory of the case is that the video direct evidence shows that Mehserle deliberately reached for his weapon. They argued: "What we see in the video is an officer releasing his control of a suspect, standing up, drawing his weapon, with some difficulty, and shooting it."[90] Jacobson agreed in deciding to set bail at $3 million that Mehserle's claim of Taser confusion was inconsistent with his earlier statement to a fellow officer, and that Mehserle might be changing his story.[10] He later imposed a gag order on attorneys and investigators in the case, prohibiting them from releasing future filings or otherwise commenting to the press.[91]

Preliminary hearing[edit]

Rains argued during the preliminary hearing that Mehserle lacked the malice necessary for a murder charge and that he intended to tase Grant. A BART officer testified, saying that Grant and his friends had yelled profanities and did not obey her orders to sit down moments before Mehserle fired at Grant. She said she was fearful when she heard taunts coming from Grant, his friends, and passengers on the train.[92] After the seven days of testimony, Judge C. Don Clay concluded that Mehserle had not mistakenly used his service pistol instead of his stun gun. The judge based this on Mehserle's statements to other officers that he thought Grant had a gun. He also noted that Mehserle had held his weapon with both hands, but he was trained to use just his left if he was firing a Taser.[93] Mehserle faced up to life in prison if convicted of first-degree murder.[94]

Rains filed a supplemental motion arguing that Judge Clay should take a second look at a ruling that barred the defense attorney from presenting evidence about Grant's criminal background, as well as a ruling that barred him from presenting evidence that Mehserle told a fellow officer just before the shooting incident that he planned to use his Taser on Grant. He protested that "Both rulings amount to grave errors under longstanding and never-questioned California authorities" and alleged that they "substantially interfere with Mehserle's federal due process right to defend against the murder charge".[95] Rains failed to convince Judge Clay to remove District Attorney Tom Orloff's office from the case. Rains claimed Orloff violated his client's rights because he ordered two Oakland police officers to try to interview Mehserle after he was arrested, even though Orloff knew Mehserle had an attorney. Judge Clay said Orloff's actions did not prove a bias nor did it meet the requirements necessary for him to be removed from the case.[96]

Plea and jury selection[edit]

On June 19, 2009, Mehserle pleaded not guilty. The jury trial was scheduled to begin in October. Mehserle's attorney Michael Rains sought a change of venue of the trial, on the grounds that there would not be an impartial jury in Alameda County.[97] Citing extensive media coverage and the social upheaval of protests and riots, the judge agreed.[98] Rains' request was honored on October 16, and downtown Los Angeles was chosen as the venue on November 19.[99]

Los Angeles County Judge Robert J. Perry was assigned to the case. He said that he would not allow cameras in the courtroom.[100] A hearing was held on February 19, 2010, to address two issues. The judge did not reduce Mehserle's bail, as requested by the defense. The judge also rejected a motion by the defense to remove Alameda County prosecutors from the case. Rains had argued that prosecutors and detectives acted inappropriately when they interviewed Mehserle earlier in the case. Another hearing was set for March 26.[101]

Mehserle's attorney stated that his client did not commit first-degree murder, and asked the judge to instruct the jury to limit its deliberations to either second-degree murder or acquittal. Rains wrote that Mehserle would not argue the killing was conducted in the heat of passion or in self-defense. Rains also argued that prosecutors had shown no evidence that the fatal shooting was either voluntary or involuntary manslaughter.[102]

On May 7, Judge Perry granted a motion by defense to discuss Grant's conviction for possessing a gun and evading arrest.[103] Perry formally selected the jury on June 8 after attorneys had used their motions. The 12-member jury consisted of eight women and four men; of these jurors, seven were white, four Hispanic, and one Asian. Of the alternates, there were five women and one man, consisting of three Asians, two whites, and one Hispanic. It was alleged that six of the jury had law enforcement connections.[104]

Grant's family expressed outrage at the absence of blacks on the jury.[105] The day before the trial began, Deputy District Attorney David Stein revealed a photo that Grant took of Mehserle with a cell phone camera. The photo showed Mehserle pointing a Taser at Grant.[106]

Taser confusion[edit]

Several experts who observed video evidence suggested Mehserle might have confused his gun for his Taser,[29][107] causing him to mistakenly believe he was tasering Grant.[44] William Lewinski stated this as an expert witness in the case.[108] If Mehserle thought he was firing his Taser, this could provide a full or partial defense to the murder charge.[45][109] It depended on whether Mehserle had a legal right to use his Taser at all, which was questioned.[10] Prosecutors alleged that paperwork, including a blood alcohol test, completed by Mehserle after the shooting showed that he had changed his story about what occurred.[102]

While there had been previous cases where police officers confused guns with Tasers, modern Tasers weigh half as much as handguns.[45] The prosecution argued that the position of Mehserle's Taser "in relation to his duty weapon, combined with the different 'feel' and color of the two weapons made it highly unlikely that he would have mistaken one for the other".[110] Burris responded to claims of Taser confusion by arguing that video evidence did not support the idea of Taser confusion. In any event, he said, Mehserle had no reason to fire his Taser.[10] Mehserle was wearing his Taser on the left side of his body (on the opposite side from which he wore his gun) – but set up for a cross-body, strong hand (right-hand) draw.[111]

BART purchased the Taser X26 stun guns in September 2008 and provided them to officers after six hours of training,[10] as recommended by the manufacturer.[112]

Witness testimony[edit]

On June 14, Carlos Reyes recalled Mehserle saying, "Oh shit, I shot him" after shooting Grant. Grant's former girlfriend, Sophina Mesa, testified she called Grant while he and his friends were being detained, and he said, "They're beating us up for no reason, I'll call you back." Deputy District Attorney David Stein believed that Grant's phone call proved that he was not trying to resist arrest that night. Cell phone records showed two calls between Grant and Mesa — at 2:05 a.m. and 2:09 a.m. — the latter two minutes before Grant was shot.[113]

On June 15, three eyewitnesses of the account testified that neither Grant nor the other suspects actively resisted the officers at any time. Each expressed disgust at the behavior of officers preceding the shooting that night.[113]

On June 22, Jackie Bryson, a friend of Grant "who was kneeling and handcuffed just inches from Grant when Johannes Mehserle shot him", testified for the prosecution. Bryson said that Grant's hands were under Grant's body and Grant said: "I quit. I surrender." He claimed that Mehserle said "Fuck this" before shooting Grant. Defense attorney Rains repeatedly accused Bryson of lying to convict Mehserle and pointed out a video showing Bryson running toward the train while handcuffed. Responding to Rains' question, "You were going to leave your friend on that platform, weren't you?" Bryson said "I would never leave my friend." Rains accused Bryson of being inconsistent based on his statements in the civil lawsuit he had filed in early January 2009 against BART. Bryson said that he had lied to investigators, distrusted the police, and had been frequently stressed since Grant's killing.[114]

On June 25, Mehserle took the witness stand. Sobbing, he said that he had not thought that he was holding his gun until he heard a pop and looked at his right hand. Responding to a question from Rains, he recalled Grant saying "you shot me" right after the shot went off. Judge Perry called a recess after Grant supporter Timothy Killings shouted out to Mehserle to "save those fucking tears".[115] After another outburst, Killings was arrested for contempt of court.[116]

Closing arguments and verdict[edit]

Judge Perry offered jurors three conviction options: second-degree murder (with a sentence of 15 years to life in prison), voluntary manslaughter (3 to 11 years), or involuntary manslaughter (2 to 4 years); in addition the jury could have decided to acquit. Prosecutor Michael O'Brien said that by shooting Grant, Mehserle inherently committed a crime. Intention meant murder or voluntary manslaughter, and an accident indicated recklessness on Mehserle's part and thus involuntary manslaughter. Judge Perry gave two interpretations of Mehserle's shocked reaction after shooting Grant: either Mehserle had intended to use his Taser or he realized that many people were witnesses to his action.[117]

Closing arguments took place on July 1. Expressing a belief that Mehserle "lost all control" the night he shot Grant and labeled the shooting as an accident to avoid liability, Deputy District Attorney David Stein asked the jury to convict Mehserle of second-degree murder. Defense attorney Rains argued that the shooting was accidental and told them not to make "some sort of commentary on the state of relations between the police and the community in this country".[118] Jury deliberations began on Friday, July 2. The jury had the day off on July 5 because of the Independence Day holiday.[citation needed]

On July 6, deliberations were suspended after one juror left for vacation, having notified the judge in advance, another juror went to a medical appointment, and another called in sick. One new alternate juror joined the panel. One juror submitted a question asking whether provocation by "sources other than the suspect(s)" can make one guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Stein argued that the jury should be able to consider outside influences on Mehserle, but Rains disagreed.[119]

On July 8, 2010, the jury informed the court that they had reached a verdict by 2:10 p.m. The deliberations with this jury panel totaled six and a half hours over the course of two days. At approximately 4:00 p.m., the jury announced that they had found Johannes Mehserle guilty of involuntary manslaughter, and not guilty of charges for second-degree murder or voluntary manslaughter charges.[120] The jury found Mehserle guilty of a gun enhancement charge that could have added up to ten years to his prison sentence, made him ineligible for probation, and required him to serve 85 percent of his sentence, in contrast to the 50 percent that most state prisoners serve.[121]

Having previously been freed on a $3 million bond, Mehserle was remanded into custody after the verdict was read.[122] The next court date, when sentencing would occur, was set for August 6, 2010.[123]

After the verdict, the court released a two-page letter written by Mehserle in which he said: "no words can express how truly sorry I am".[124]

Sentencing[edit]

Mehserle was originally scheduled to be sentenced on August 6, 2010. Sentencing was rescheduled for November 5 at the defense's request.

On November 5, 2010, Mehserle was sentenced to two years with double credit for time already served, reducing his term by 292 days for the 146 days he has already spent in jail.[125] The judge overturned the gun enhancement, which could have added an additional 3 to 10 years to the sentence.[126][127] He was released from prison at 12:01 a.m. on June 13, 2011.

Appeal[edit]

On May 9, 2012, nearly a year after his release from prison, Mehserle appealed his conviction to the First District Court of Appeal in San Francisco. His lawyer, Dylan Schaffer, stated the purpose of this appeal was to allow Mehserle to return to "police work", which was not possible with this conviction on his record. They intended to continue to the state and the U.S. Supreme Court,[128] but in September 2012, the California Supreme Court unanimously denied review of an appellate ruling upholding the conviction.[129]

Responses[edit]

BART[edit]

On January 8, 2009, BART's elected directors offered apologies to the victim's family.[130] BART later filed a legal response to the lawsuit that claimed that the shooting was "a tragic accident", and that Grant contributed to the fatal incident. BART said the officers were "just defending themselves" and that "Oscar Grant willfully, wrongfully, and unlawfully made an assault upon defendants and would have beaten, bruised, and ill-treated them if defendants had not immediately defended themselves."[131]

In the days after the shooting, BART held multiple public meetings to ease tensions, led by BART Director Carole Ward Allen.[132] She called on the BART Board to hire two independent auditors to investigate the shooting, and to provide recommendations to the board regarding BART Police misconduct.[133] Director Ward Allen established BART's first Police Department Review Committee and worked with Assemblyman Sandre Swanson to pass AB 1586 in the California State Legislature, which enforced civilian oversight of the BART Police Department.[134] BART board member Lynette Sweet said that "BART has not handled this [situation] correctly,"[130] and called for the BART police chief and general manager to step down, but only one other board member, Tom Radulovich, has supported such action.[135]

An investigation was conducted to determine whether any other officers should be disciplined. On January 12, investigation results were forwarded to the district attorney.[133] The investigation, which interviewed seven police officers and 33 other witnesses,[136] came to no conclusion and made no recommendations.[133] The details were forwarded to Meyers Nave, an outside law firm, for an independent investigation.[137] It was led by Jayne Williams, the former city attorney for San Leandro, and was estimated to cost $250,000.[138][139] In August, the law firm provided two reports to BART but released only one publicly. The report said officers failed to follow recommended procedures, failed to work as a team, and had lapses in both tactical communication and leadership.[140][141]

KTVU broadcast cell-phone video that showed Pirone striking Grant, resulting in additional agency actions. BART General Manager Dorothy Dugger said a "rigorous" internal affairs investigation would be ordered.[22] Later, an attorney, representing BART and referring to the same video, said that Grant provoked Pirone's blow by trying to knee Pirone at least twice, "It is our position that there was a provocation and assault on Mr. Pirone based upon a video that shows Mr. Grant apparently hitting Mr. Pirone with his knee,"[131] On September 22, KTVU reported that Meyers Nave, in its unreleased report, had recommended the termination of Tony Pirone and Marysol Domenici.[142] After being on leave since the incident, Domenici was terminated on March 24, 2010.[143] She was rehired the following December after labor arbitration settled in her favor.[144] Pirone was terminated on April 21 after an internal investigation upheld a finding of misconduct against him.[145] Like Domenici, Pirone later sought to be reinstated through arbitration. This is a process whereby the BART administration and BART police union elect a member of the police union to decide if the firing of Anthony Pirone was justified. This arbitration was delayed, as Pirone served a tour in Afghanistan in the US Army.[146] When he returned, the arbitration was set to finish by the end of 2013, but was delayed until the end of 2014. In December 2014, BART spokesperson Alicia Trost told reporters that Pirone's arbitration was denied,[147] and the arbitrator upheld the termination. Pirone's lawyer, William Rapoport, declined to comment.

Public[edit]

Protesters holding signs on January 8, 2009

Protesters organized several demonstrations and marches in the weeks following the shooting and during court hearings.[148][149] Alice Huffman, state president of the NAACP, said there was little doubt the shooting was criminal.[109] Many reporters and community organizers stated that racial issues played a role both in the killing and in the community response.[150] Grant's family claimed that officers used racial slurs during the arrest.[151] BART Police Chief Gary Gee remarked that the BART investigation had found no "nexus to race that provoked this to happen".[33]

There was a broad public perception that BART Police were not conducting an effective investigation.[152] Efforts by BART officers to confiscate witnesses' cellphone images during the incident created controversy.[153] The shooting stirred outrage among political leaders and legal observers; Alameda County Supervisor Keith Carson,[45] Oakland City Councilmember Desley Brooks (Eastmont-Seminary), and Berkeley Copwatch labeled the shooting an execution.[45][154] Local columnists criticized such language as "inflammatory" and "the exact opposite of the kind of sane leadership we need and expect from our elected officials".[155][156]

When the case went to trial, tensions were provoked because the selected jury contained no African Americans.

March for Oscar Grant, 14 January 2009

Grant's death has been cited as one of several police killings that contributed to the nationwide Black Lives Matter movement.[157][158]

Protests[edit]

During hours of the unrest, shops were vandalized in Downtown Oakland.

The fatal shooting of Grant was a catalyst for several protests. On January 8, 2009, a protest march in Oakland of about 250 people[159] became violent. Rioters caused more than $200,000 in damages: breaking shop and car windows, burning cars, setting trash bins on fire, and throwing bottles at police officers.[71][159][160][161][162][163] Police arrested more than 100 persons.[71][160] Grant's family pleaded for calm and spoke out against the violence at a press conference the next day.[71][159][164] On January 9, police in riot gear dispersed a crowd of about 100 demonstrators after some of the rioters stopped vehicles and threw trash cans in the street.[165]

A January 14 demonstration briefly turned violent, and police arrested 18 people after rioters smashed car and store windows in Oakland's City Center district.[166] Another eight were arrested in a January 30 demonstration after Mehserle's bail hearing, in which he said that he had intended to use his Taser rather than to shoot Grant. Mayor Ron Dellums suggested that Mehserle's right to bail should be abrogated to prevent violence in the community.[167][168]

Oakland Tribune columnist Tammerlin Drummond criticized the protestors as "self-described 'anarchists,' who aren't even from Oakland, and wannabe Black Panther Party members... playing right into the hands of the defense" by giving Mehserle a plausible case for change of venue.[167]

On May 18, 2009, 100 persons protested outside of the Alameda County Courthouse during the preliminary hearing and then marched to the nearby Oakland Police Department. A protest organizer was arrested after the group blocked traffic.[169]

Protests continued throughout the pretrial process. At the hearing on February 19, 2010, some 50 protesters carried signs outside the Los Angeles courthouse.[170] An estimated 200 protesters gathered at San Francisco's Embarcadero BART station on April 8, 2010, to call for the disbanding of the transit system's police department and the firing of an officer who was on the scene when Grant was shot.[171]

On July 8, 2010, following the verdict, protests began peacefully,[172] and officials commended both the protesters and the police for their demonstrated restraint.[173] When the time of the verdict announcement was announced, many people packed BART trains to leave Oakland in fear of unrest, and Interstates 880 and 980 had heavy traffic.[174] Multiple peaceful gatherings were held throughout Oakland after the verdict was announced, and sporadic conflicts were quelled quickly by the police early in the evening. As night fell, people engaged in opportunistic looting of local businesses.[175] Oakland's police chief was quoted as saying that the people doing violence did not primarily seem to be Oakland residents protesting the verdict, but instead were self-styled "anarchists...who are almost professional people who go into crowds like this and cause problems".[176] Oakland police arrested 83 people on a variety of charges, ranging from vandalism to failure to disperse to assault.[172] According to the Oakland Police Chief Batts, nearly 3 out of 4 of those arrested during the protest did not live in Oakland.[177]

The San Francisco Chronicle reported that many of the rioters who were most aggressive in damaging Oakland businesses and property were organized white anarchists wearing black clothing and hoods. An anarchist slogan was painted on one wall that read "Say 'no' to work. Say 'yes' to looting."[178]

Some Oakland officials objected to the "anarchist" label, saying that the outside agitators seemed to lack any cohesive philosophy and were simply bent on making trouble.[179]

Civil lawsuits[edit]

Several lawsuits were filed against BART after these events; two made it to trial. Oakland attorney John Burris filed a $25 million wrongful death claim against BART on behalf of Grant's family (mother, daughter, sister and girlfriend) on January 6, 2009.[27][180]

In February 2009, Burris filed claims for a total of $1.5 million on behalf of five of Grant's friends, whom he says were detained without cause for five hours after the shooting, alleging illegal search and seizure, false arrest, and use of excessive force.[17][25]

Burris later increased the amount sought by Grant's family to $50 million. The civil case was partially resolved when BART settled with Grant's daughter for $5.1 million (with accrued interest), according to Burris' law firm.[181] BART paid a $1.3 million settlement to Grant's mother. The five friends of Grant settled with BART and received a total of $175,000.[182]

Grant's father, who has been in prison since before Grant was born, separately sued Mehserle for damages related to Grant III's death.[183][184]

Zeporia Smith, the mother of Johnnie Caldwell, a friend of Grant's, filed a suit in 2011 (after her son was killed in a separate incident). She claimed that Officer Marysol Domenici had used excessive force against her son while detaining him on the platform at Fruitvale. Caldwell had testified in a video deposition in 2009 that after Grant III was shot, Officer Domenici dragged Caldwell across the platform, threatened him with a Taser, and shoved him on a departing train.[185]

In 2014 a civil jury heard both the Grant Jr. and Smith cases. On July 1, 2014, the civil jury rejected the claims of Grant's father against Mehserle in the shooting of Grant, as they concluded that his imprisonment had prevented him from having a close relationship with his son.[185]

In the same trial, the jury ruled in favor of Officer Domenici and against Smith. One person said that the lack of a video documenting Caldwell's claim of excessive force had been a determining factor.[185]

In popular culture[edit]

  • The documentary film entitled Operation Small Axe (2010) focused on police brutality in the Bay Area in the context of the shooting of Grant, and, later that year, of Lovelle Mixon, who was accused of having fatally shot four police officers. Directed and produced by Adimu Madyun, the film won the 2010 Rise Up Award from The Patois International Rights Film Festival in New Orleans.[186] It was written by J.R. Valrey, a volunteer producer and advocacy journalist at San Francisco KPFA-FM.[187][188]
  • The Oakland, California indie rock band Rogue Wave refer to the incident in the song "Solitary Gun" on their 2010 album Permalight:[189] "Stepped off the train and looked for Fruitvale signs. The January air it whips across my spine."
  • In 2011, Seattle-based hip-hop duo Blue Scholars released the album Cinemetropolis, featuring a song called "Oskar Barnack ∞ Oscar Grant", with lyrics centering around filming (Barnack) police activity (Grant).[190]
  • In January 2013, filmmaker Ryan Coogler premiered Fruitvale (later retitled Fruitvale Station). The feature drama portrays the last 24 hours of Grant's life, showing him with family, friends and at work. Coogler used some of the eyewitness footage made during the BART incident. Principal photography included locations in Oakland, San Francisco, San Leandro, and San Quentin State Prison. It starred Michael B. Jordan as Oscar, and Octavia Spencer as Oscar's mother Wanda. On January 26, 2013, the film won the U.S. Dramatic Grand Jury Prize as well as the U.S. Dramatic Audience Award at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival.
  • In 2014, playwright Chinaka Hodge premiered Chasing Mehserle, a play about Watts, a young man from Oakland who becomes obsessed with chasing down and killing officer Johannes Mehserle.[191]
  • In 2017, Angie Thomas published her debut novel, The Hate U Give, which was expanded from a short story she wrote in college in reaction to the shooting of Grant.
  • In 2019, Daveed Diggs and Rafael Casal released their album Seven Nights in Chicago. The track "Breath" references the shooting of Oscar Grant.[192]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Ex-BART Officer Johannes Mehserle Released From Jail". CBS San Francisco. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  2. ^ Dirks, Sandhya (2019). "It Started With Oscar Grant". Third Coast International Audio Festival. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  3. ^ "Protesters Mark Oscar Grant's Birthday". KTVU. February 27, 2009. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d Tucker, Jill (January 3, 2009). "No cuffs on man shot by officer, BART maintains". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
  5. ^ a b c Bulwa, Demian; Lee, Henry K. (January 7, 2009). "BART shooting victim's family files claim". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  6. ^ "BART Reaches $1.3 Million Settlement With Oscar Grant's Mother". June 28, 2011. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  7. ^ "Oscar Grant's Fiancée Testifies at Murder Trial". News One. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  8. ^ "Services set for man fatally shot by BART police officer". Associated Press. 2009. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
  9. ^ Cecilia Vega (June 24, 2010). "Mehserle takes the stand in Grant murder trial". KGO-TV San Francisco, CA. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bulwa, Demian (January 30, 2009). "Skeptical judge grants bail to former BART cop". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009.
  11. ^ a b c Jim Doyle (January 10, 2009). "BART cop recalled as 'gentle giant' as a kid". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Bulwa, Demian (January 30, 2009). "BART's shooting probe missteps". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  13. ^ "Family Files Claim In BART Shooting; Officer ID'd". KPIX-TV. 2009. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009.
  14. ^ Maher, Sean (July 16, 2011). "Man fatally shot in Hayward identified as Oscar Grant III's best friend". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2013. A group of about eight friends, including Grant and Caldwell, rode BART from San Francisco to Oakland
  15. ^ a b Tucker, Jill; Zito, Kelly; Knight, Heather (January 2, 2009). "Deadly BART brawl — officer shoots rider, 22". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  16. ^ "New Year's Eve flash pass, service adjustments, for holiday travelers". BART. 2009. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  17. ^ a b Maher, Sean (February 4, 2009). "Witnesses to shooting file claim against BART". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  18. ^ a b c Lagos, Marisa (January 25, 2009). "Video shows another BART cop hitting passenger". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  19. ^ "Mehserle Preliminary Hearing To Resume". KCBS. May 25, 2009.
  20. ^ a b Associated Press, Terry Collins, Marin Independent Journal, December 18, 2010, page A2
  21. ^ "People v. Mehserle, Motion to Set Bail, Case No. 547353-7 (Alameda Cty., Cal.)" (PDF). San Francisco Chronicle. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  22. ^ a b c "Video Shows Second Officer Punching Grant". KTVU. January 23, 2009. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009.
  23. ^ a b "$25 million claim by family of man killed by BART police". San Jose Mercury News. January 6, 2009. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  24. ^ Egelko, Bob; Lagos, Marisa (January 28, 2009). "Lawyer: Cop who hit BART victim was provoked". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
  25. ^ a b c Upton, John (February 5, 2009). "Passengers file claim against BART". San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
  26. ^ a b Rosynsky, Paul (May 19, 2009). "Videos spur emotion in first day of hearing for BART killing". Bay Area News Group. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
  27. ^ a b c d e f McLaughlin, Eliott C.; Martin, Augie; Kaye, Randi (January 7, 2009). "Video of California police shooting spurs investigation". CNN. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
  28. ^ Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (June 29, 2009). "BART 'N-word' bombshell waiting to go off". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
  29. ^ a b c Fong, Petti (January 10, 2009). "Was shooting a fatal error?". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010.
  30. ^ "Former BART Officer Johannes Mehserle Will Be Tried for Murder". Kron4. June 4, 2009. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013.
  31. ^ McLaughlin, Eliott C.; Martin, Augie; Simon, Dan (January 7, 2009). "Spokesman: Officer in subway shooting has resigned". CNN. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  32. ^ "Man's Fatal Shooting by San Francisco Subway Police Prompts Probe, Plans for $25M Lawsuit". FoxNews.com. January 6, 2009. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Bulwa, Demian; Buchanan, Wyatt; Yi, Matthew (January 9, 2011). "Behind murder charge against ex-BART officer". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  34. ^ "Court releases dramatic video of BART shooting". YouTube. June 24, 2010. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  35. ^ "MOTION TO SET BAIL" (PDF). San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  36. ^ Lewis, Sukey; Dirks, Sandhya; Emslie, Alex; Brekke, Dan (July 8, 2021). "'On Our Watch' Litigation Reveals New Details In Police Shooting Of Oscar Grant : On Our Watch". NPR News. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  37. ^ "Man's Fatal Shooting by San Francisco Subway Police Prompts Probe, Plans for $25M Lawsuit". Fox News. January 6, 2009. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
  38. ^ "D.A.: Facts in BART Shooting Case Justify Murder Charges Against Former Officer". KRON 4. 2009. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  39. ^ "Home Video Surfaces Of Oakland BART Shooting". KPIX TV. 2009. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  40. ^ "Officer-involved shooting at BART station". ABCNews. 2009. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  41. ^ "Conflicting Stories Surround Fruitvale BART Shooting". KTVU. 2009. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  42. ^ Sean Maher (2009). "BART cameras unclear in fatal shooting". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
  43. ^ "FrankBorelli.com". www.frankborelli.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Matthew B. Stannard; Demian Bulwa (January 7, 2009). "BART shooting captured on video". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
  45. ^ a b c d e Bob Egelko (January 15, 2009). "BART shooting draws Rodney King case parallels". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  46. ^ Elinor Mills (2009). "Web videos of Oakland shooting fuel emotions, protests". CNET Networks. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
  47. ^ Mike Harvey (January 9, 2009). "YouTube video fuels US riots over killing of Oscar Grant". The Times. London. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  48. ^ "Mehserles Motion For Bail sfgate pdf file" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  49. ^ Will Reisman (2009). "More than 100 arrests made during protest". The San Francisco Examiner.[permanent dead link]
  50. ^ a b Phillip Matier; Andrew Ross (January 7, 2009). "M&R: Death threats against BART officer". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  51. ^ "BART police officer who fatally shot man resigns". San Jose Mercury News. 2009. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
  52. ^ USA Today Staff (January 9, 2009). "Oakland shooting fuels anger over police brutality". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  53. ^ "Family of man shot in back by police sue for $25m". The Daily Telegraph. London. January 7, 2009. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
  54. ^ "Police killing unarmed man sparks riot". The Australian. 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.[permanent dead link]
  55. ^ Jemima Kiss (January 9, 2009). "Fatal police shooting posted on YouTube". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  56. ^ Mike Harvey (January 9, 2009). "YouTube video fuels US riots over killing of Oscar Grant". The Times. London. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  57. ^ and burned a police car,
  58. ^ Carolyn Jones (January 9, 2009). "Oakland storekeepers tell of night of terror". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  59. ^ Laura Anthony (January 8, 2009). "Oakland businesses vandalized by rioters". KGO TV. Archived from the original on October 4, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  60. ^ "BART completes shooting investigation". East Bay Times. January 12, 2009. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  61. ^ Lee, Henry K. (January 8, 2009). "Protests over BART shooting turn violent". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  62. ^ Eliott C. McLaughlin; Augie Martin; Dan Simon; Mallory Simon (January 9, 2009). "Hundreds demand answers, action in subway shooting". CNN. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g Demian Bulwa; Charles Burress; Matthew B. Stannard; Matthai Kuruvilaurl (January 8, 2009). "Protests over BART shooting turn violent". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  64. ^ Gould-Wartofsky, Michael A. (2015). The Occupiers: The Making of the 99 Percent Movement. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-19-931391-4. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  65. ^ Farai Chideya (January 8, 2009). "Hundreds Protest In Oakland Over BART Shooting". National Public Radio(NPR). Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  66. ^ "Breaking News from the Protest Against the Murder of Oscar Grant". Indybay. 2009. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  67. ^ "Rally and Rage Over BART Police Murder of Oscar Grant". Indybay. 2009. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  68. ^ "Police crack down after train shooting protests, Businesses smashed, cars set blaze in Oakland after transit cop killed man". NBC News. Associated Press. January 8, 2009. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  69. ^ a b Steven E.F. Brown (January 8, 2009). "Oakland storekeepers tell of night of terror". San Francisco Business Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  70. ^ Jesse McKinley (January 9, 2009). "Oakland Turns Violent Over Shooting". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
  71. ^ a b c d e Rayburn, Kelly (January 8, 2009). "Grant's family pleads for peace". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  72. ^ "About Last Night". East Bay Express. Retrieved January 8, 2009.[permanent dead link]
  73. ^ UPI Staff Writers (January 10, 2009). "Three charged in Oakland riot". The United Press International(UPI). Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  74. ^ "120 Arrested In Violent BART Protest". KTVU. 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011.
  75. ^ "Oakland Riot Ground Footage". CNN. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  76. ^ "Hundreds demand answers, action in subway shooting". CNN. January 9, 2009. Archived from the original on January 12, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  77. ^ "Raw news footage of riots from news helicopter". KTVU TV. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
  78. ^ "Oakland a great place for business, really". The Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  79. ^ "Rowdy Protesters Return To Oakland Streets". KTVU TV. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  80. ^ Bulwa, Demian; Lee, Henry K. (January 9, 2009). "BART shooting victim's family decries violence". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
  81. ^ Bulwa, Demian; Buchanan, Wyatt; Yi, Matthew (February 4, 2009). "Behind murder charge against ex-BART officer". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  82. ^ Morrison, Aaron (July 14, 2016). "Why The Justice Department Takes Forever To Investigate Police Shootings Of Black People". Vox. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  83. ^ Bulwa, Demian (February 5, 2009). "BART hit with more claims from New Year's chaos". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
  84. ^ Hollyfield, Amy (February 6, 2009). "Mehserle posts bail, released from jail". KGO-TV. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
  85. ^ KTVU Oakland (2009). "BART Slaying 'Intentional'; Murder Charge Filed". KTVU. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
  86. ^ Sky News (2009). "Former Cop Charged Over Shooting". Sky News. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  87. ^ a b Bulwa, Demian (January 22, 2009). "Prominent lawyer to defend BART ex-officer". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  88. ^ Collins, Terry (January 14, 2009). "Ex-cop charged with murder in Calif. shooting". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  89. ^ "Attorneys Spar Over Whether Grant Was Resisting Arrest". KTVU. May 20, 2009. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009.
  90. ^ a b Rosynsky, Paul T. (January 30, 2009). "BART shooting suspect's bail set at $3 million". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012.
  91. ^ Lee, Henry K. (February 14, 2009). "Judge won't lift gag order in BART case". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  92. ^ BART Officer: Grant Was Uncooperative Before Death Archived July 31, 2013, at archive.today, Kron4, 26 May 2009
  93. ^ Bulwa, Demian (June 5, 2009). "Mehserle ordered to stand trial for murder". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  94. ^ "Mehserle released from prison on $3M bail". San Francisco Examiner. February 6, 2009. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
  95. ^ Mehserle Defense Wants to Present Evidence of Oscar Grant's Bad Character in BART Shooting Trial Archived July 31, 2013, at archive.today KRON4 June 1, 2009
  96. ^ Videos spur emotion in first day of hearing for BART killing Archived June 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Oakland Tribune May 18, 2009
  97. ^ Bulwa, Demian (June 18, 2009). "Ex-BART officer wants to move murder trial". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
  98. ^ "LA judge assigned to Bay Area cop shooting case". Telegram & Gazette. Worcester, MA. December 2, 2009. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
  99. ^ "BART Shooting Trial Could Hinge On New Venue". KTVU.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  100. ^ Rosynsky, Paul (December 3, 2008). "Judge to block cameras from Mehserle trial, court says". San Jose Mercury News.
  101. ^ "BART Cop Murder Trial Moved Up: The Alley". SFAppeal. March 26, 2010. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
  102. ^ a b Collins, Terry (May 2, 2010). "Ex-BART cop lawyer lays out murder trial strategy". Associated Press. Retrieved May 3, 2010.[dead link]
  103. ^ Risling, Greg (May 8, 2010). "Judge: Jurors can hear about BART victim's past". The San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
  104. ^ Drummond, Tammerlin (June 13, 2010). "Absence of blacks on Mehserle jury no guarantee of acquittal for former BART officer". Contra Costa Times. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  105. ^ "Mehserle Jury Selected; Grant Family Angry With Makeup". KTVU. June 8, 2010. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  106. ^ Bulwa, Demian (June 10, 2010). "Grant took picture of Mehserle, prosecutor says". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  107. ^ Dave Smith (January 6, 2009). "BART shooting raises issue of TASER confusion". PoliceOne.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  108. ^ Journal, Nico Savidge | Wisconsin State (July 31, 2014). "Expert in deadly force training criticized for record on police shootings". madison.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  109. ^ a b Bob Egelko (January 11, 2009). "Brown pushes D.A. to act swiftly in BART case". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  110. ^ "Prosecutor: BART Cop Used 'Poor Judgement' In Shooting". KTVU. February 5, 2009. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  111. ^ "Defense use of force expert falters during cross examination – California Beat". Californiabeat.org. June 28, 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
  112. ^ Aparton, Tamara Barak (February 1, 2009). "Attorneys trade barbs in BART shooting case". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved February 5, 2009.[dead link]
  113. ^ a b Bulwa, Demian (January 8, 2011). "Mehserle blurted term of shock, witness says". San Francisco Chronicle. p. C1. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  114. ^ Bulwa, Demian (January 8, 2011). "Mehserle lawyer, Grant's friend clash in court". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A1.[dead link]
  115. ^ Alonso, Alex (June 30, 2010). "Oakland resident released from jail after court room outburst during Johannes Mehserle trial". StreetGangs.Com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
  116. ^ Bulwa, Demian (January 8, 2011). "Mehserle weeps: 'I didn't think I had my gun'". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2010.
  117. ^ Bulwa, Demian (January 8, 2011). "Manslaughter on the table in Mehserle trial". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A1. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010.
  118. ^ Bulwa, Demian (January 8, 2011). "Final arguments continue in Mehserle trial". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010.
  119. ^ Bulwa, Demian (July 7, 2010). "Mehserle jury done for the day; no verdict". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  120. ^ Bulwa, Demian (July 8, 2010). "Mehserle convicted of involuntary manslaughter". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 11, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
  121. ^ Rosynsky, Paul T.; Metinko, Chris (July 8, 2010). "Mehserle guilty of involuntary manslaughter". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  122. ^ Gorman, Steve; Henderson, Peter (July 9, 2010). "California transit cop verdict sparks looting". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  123. ^ Bulwa, Demian (August 4, 2010). "Mehserle sentencing pushed back to Nov. 5". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
  124. ^ Farooq, Sajid (July 9, 2010). "No Words Can Express How Truly Sorry I Am". NBC Bay Area. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
  125. ^ "Youth Radio – Youth Media International: Mehserle Sentenced to 2 Years". Huffingtonpost.com. November 5, 2010. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  126. ^ Bulwa, Demian (January 7, 2011). "Johannes Mehserle sentenced to 2-year minimum term". Sfgate.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  127. ^ "Johannes Mehserle gets two years for involuntary manslaughter in Oscar Grant case | abc7news.com". Abclocal.go.com. November 5, 2010. Archived from the original on November 8, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  128. ^ "Grant family angry it wasn't notified of Mehserle appeal hearing". KTVU. May 11, 2012. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  129. ^ Bob Egelko (September 12, 2012). "Johannes Mehserle's appeal rejected". SGGate. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  130. ^ a b Rachel Gordon; Steve Rubenstein (January 9, 2009). "BART directors apologize to slain man's family". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  131. ^ a b BART filing says shooting victim, Oscar Grant, contributed to fatal incident Archived March 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Associated Press April 3, 2009
  132. ^ Terry Collins (January 11, 2009). "Transit board gets another earful on Oakland death". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 12, 2009.
  133. ^ a b c Maria L. La Ganga (January 13, 2009). "BART board creates commission to oversee transit police". Los Angeles Times.[dead link]
  134. ^ "Governor signs bill into law authorizing citizen oversight of BART Police - bart.gov". www.bart.gov. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  135. ^ Cuff, Denis (January 27, 2009). "Second BART director wants new general manager". Contra Costa Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  136. ^ Chris Thompson (January 13, 2009). "BART Done with Cop Shoot Investigation". East Bay Express. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  137. ^ "BART asks for help in shooting probe". San Francisco Chronicle. January 30, 2009. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  138. ^ "Cost of BART's contract for Oscar Grant probe more than doubles". Mercury News. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2009.
  139. ^ Woodall, Angela (February 11, 2009). "BART hires law firm to probe Grant shooting". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  140. ^ Bender, Kristin (August 18, 2009). "BART police badly botched call that led to Oscar Grant killing, report finds". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  141. ^ Matier, Phillip; Andrew Ross (August 19, 2009). "Report: Much went wrong before BART shooting". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  142. ^ "Firing Recommended For Two BART Police Officers". KTVU.com. September 22, 2009. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009.
  143. ^ Bulwa, Demian (March 26, 2010). "BART fires cop who helped detain Oscar Grant". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  144. ^ Lyanne Melendez (December 18, 2010). "State arbitrator orders BART to reinstate officer". KGO-TV San Francisco, CA. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  145. ^ Guff, Dennis (April 23, 2010). "BART fires second officer who stopped Grant". Contra Costa Times. MercuryNews.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  146. ^ "Oscar Grant trial: BART officer testifies she didn't threaten friends with Taser". June 16, 2014. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  147. ^ Lee, Henry K. (December 9, 2014). "Firing of BART cop in Oscar Grant case upheld". Sfgate. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  148. ^ Associated Press (January 13, 2009). "Oakland cops prepare for big BART shooting protest". San Jose Mercury News.[dead link]
  149. ^ Woodall, Angela (January 31, 2009). "Police prevent repeat of earlier rioting". The Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
  150. ^ Leslie Fulbright (January 11, 2009). "Many see race as central to BART killing". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  151. ^ Scott Michels (January 14, 2009). "Ex-Transit Cop Johannes Mehserle Arrested in Oakland Shooting". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  152. ^ "Breaking Through the Blue Wall of Silence". Making Contact. Season 12. Episode 32. August 12, 2009. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  153. ^ Radley Balko (July 12, 2010). "Justice for Johannes Mehserle". Reason. Archived from the original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
  154. ^ Kristin Bender (2009). "Berkeley Copwatch to discuss Fruitvale BART shooting". The Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
  155. ^ Drummond, Tammerlin (January 15, 2009). "Drummond: Turn down the heat in Oakland". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  156. ^ Williams, Byron (January 18, 2009). "Byron Williams: Justice for Oscar Grant? In what way?". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  157. ^ Williams, Yohuru (April 29, 2015). "You're Nobody 'Till Somebody Kills You: Baltimore, Freddie Gray and the Problem of History". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  158. ^ "Trayvon Martin. Marissa Alexander. Oscar Grant. Justice for all! #blacklivesmatter". Black Lives Matter. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  159. ^ a b c Matthai Kuruvila; Charles Burress & Demian Bulwa (January 9, 2009). "Oakland protest organizer watched in horror". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  160. ^ a b Henry K. Lee (January 10, 2009). "3 charged in protest over BART shooting". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  161. ^ Dori J. Maynard (January 13, 2009). "When is a riot a riot? Did you see what I saw?". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
  162. ^ "Oakland: Fewer Businesses Damaged By Protest Than Originally Estimated". KPIX. January 12, 2009.[dead link]
  163. ^ Terry Collins (2009). "Fatal Calif. train station shooting sparks anger". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  164. ^ Jesse McKinley (January 9, 2009). "In California, Protests After Man Dies at Hands of Transit Police". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  165. ^ "Police in Riot Gear Stave Off Another Protest of Deadly California Transit Shooting". Fox News. January 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012.
  166. ^ Heredia, Christopher; Carolyn Jones, Leslie Fulbright (October 18, 2010). "18 arrested at Oakland protest of BART killing". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  167. ^ a b Drummond, Tammerlin (February 3, 2009). "Drummond: Grant deserves justice, but so does Mehserle". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  168. ^ Hicks, Joe R. (January 19, 2009). "What Oakland should be protesting". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  169. ^ Bulwa, Demian (May 18, 2009). "Mehserle case goes straight to the video". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 21, 2009. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
  170. ^ Watkins, Thomas (February 19, 2010). "Bail will stand in Oakland transit murder case". Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2010.[dead link]
  171. ^ "Protesters create a lot of noise in BART protest". Associated Press. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  172. ^ a b Lee, Henry K. (July 9, 2010). "83 arrests in Oakland follow Mehserle verdict". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 13, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  173. ^ "Anger Follows Mehserle Verdict". The Bay Citizen. July 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
  174. ^ Kuruvila, Matthai; Fagan, Kevin; Jones, Carolyn (January 8, 2011). "After dark, mobs form, smash windows, loot". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A1. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  175. ^ Risling, Greg (July 8, 2010). "Officer Convicted in Calif. Train Station Killing". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 11, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  176. ^ Matthai Kuruvila; Kevin Fagan; Carolyn Jones; Jaxon Van Derbeken; Chronicle Staff Writers (July 8, 2010). "After dark, mobs form, smash windows, loot". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 11, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
  177. ^ Johnson, Chip (July 14, 2010). "Protest plan made all the difference in Oakland". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 13, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  178. ^ Kuruvila, Matthai; Fagan, Kevin; Jones, Carolyn (July 14, 2010). "After dark, mobs form, smash windows, loot". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  179. ^ Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (July 12, 2010). "Community colleges cash in on foreign students". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  180. ^ "BART Shooting: Family Suing BART For $25 Million". KTVU. 2009. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
  181. ^ "Oscar-Grant-s-Daughter-Settles-Lawsuit-For-5-1-Million". Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  182. ^ "BART settles suit filed by Oscar Grant's friends" Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, SF Gate
  183. ^ Dolan, Maura (July 30, 2013). "Oscar Grant's father can sue ex-BART cop who shot son, court rules". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013.
  184. ^ "Oscar Grant's father files lawsuit". ABC7 San Francisco. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  185. ^ a b c [1] Archived August 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, East Bay News
  186. ^ "'Operation Small Axe' Director/Producer Adimu Madyun Wins The 2010 Rise Up Award" Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, 393 Films website, March 26, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  187. ^ Taylor, Benjamin, "JR Valrey Is an Agent Provocateur" Archived October 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, East Bay Express, April 8, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  188. ^ "JR Valrey’s “Operation Small Axe” Documentary screens in D.C." Archived October 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Penn's Station blogpost, October 19, 2010 9:01 pm ET. Note: The title refers to Bob Marley's lyric "So if you are the big tree, then we are the small axe."Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  189. ^ Kim, Brandon (June 16, 2010). "Exclusive video premiere: Rogue Wave's "Solitary Gun."". Independent Film Channel. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
  190. ^ "Blue Scholars – Oskar Barnack ∞ Oscar Grant". Genius. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  191. ^ Robert Hurwitt, "'Chasing Mehserle' review: A search for justice" Archived February 20, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, San Francisco Chronicle, 14 May 2014; accessed 19 February 2018
  192. ^ "Breath" Lyrics Archived June 20, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Genius, 9 August 2019; accessed 18 June 2019

External links[edit]