# BSSN formalism

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The BSSN formalism is a formalism of general relativity that was developed by Thomas W. Baumgarte, Stuart L. Shapiro, Masaru Shibata and Takashi Nakamura between 1987 and 1999.[1] It is a modification of the ADM formalism developed during the 1950s.

The ADM formalism is a Hamiltonian formalism that does not permit stable and long-term numerical simulations. In the BSSN formalism, the ADM equations are modified by introducing auxiliary variables. The formalism has been tested for a long-term evolution of linear gravitational waves and used for a variety of purposes such as simulating the non-linear evolution of gravitational waves or the evolution and collision of black holes.[2][3]

## References

1. ^ Jinho Kim (2008-07-28). "General Relativistic Hydrodynamics Using BSSN formalism" (PDF). Seoul National University. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
2. ^ Masaru Shibata (October 2004). "Status of numerical relativity" (PDF). Indian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
3. ^ Takashi Nakamura (2006). "Formation of black hole and emission of gravitational waves". Japan Academy. Retrieved 2009-10-19.