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Bessel van der Kolk

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Bessel van der Kolk
Van der Kolk (2022)
Born1943 (age 81–82)
The Hague, Netherlands
EducationUniversity of Hawaii (B.A., 1965)
University of Chicago (M.D., 1970)
Known forPost-traumatic stress disorder research
Scientific career
InstitutionsBoston University School of Medicine
Boston State Hospital
Websitewww.besselvanderkolk.com

Bessel van der Kolk (Dutch: [vɑn dɛr kɔlk]; born July 1943) is a Boston-based psychiatrist, author, researcher and educator. Since the 1970s his research has been in the area of post-traumatic stress. He is the author of four books, including The New York Times best seller, The Body Keeps the Score which was translated into 43 languages.[1] Scientists have criticized the book for promoting pseudoscientific claims about trauma, memory, brains, and development.[2][3][4]

Van der Kolk formerly served as president of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies and is a former co-director of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. He is a professor of psychiatry at Boston University School of Medicine and president of the Trauma Research Foundation in Brookline, Massachusetts.[5]

Early life and education

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Van der Kolk was born in the Netherlands in July 1943.[6] The Hague was occupied by the Nazis at the time and his father was sent to a workcamp. He was the middle child of five. His mother taught her children to play musical instruments. Bessel played piano and cello and was taught six languages.[7]

He studied a pre-medical curriculum with a political science major (B.A.) at the University of Hawaii in 1965. As an undergraduate, he was active in Students for a Democratic Society and was influenced by R. D. Laing and other thinkers in the anti-psychiatry movement.[7] He gained his M.D. at the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, in 1970, and completed his psychiatric residency at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, in 1974.[8]

Career

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After his training, van der Kolk worked as a director of Boston State Hospital. He became a staff psychiatrist at the Boston Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic. Van der Kolk developed an interest in studying traumatic stress in 1978 while working with Vietnam war veterans suffering from PTSD[6] and serving on the Harvard Medical School faculty. He was a member of the PTSD committee of the 1980 and 1994 editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders[6] and conducted the first studies on the use of fluoxetine and sertraline in the treatment of PTSD.

In 1982, van der Kolk started the Trauma Center in Brookline, Massachusetts while he was working as a junior faculty member at Harvard Medical School.[6] Since then, he has conducted numerous training programs and clinical trials.[9] Van der Kolk has performed extensive studies on the nature of traumatic memory[10] and took a leading role in the first studies on the psychopharmacological treatments of PTSD.[11] He conducted some of the earliest studies on the biological substrates of PTSD[12] and on stress-induced analgesia.[13] Involved in the first neuroimaging studies of PTSD[14] and dissociative identity disorder,[15] van der Kolk received the first grants from the National Institutes of Health to study EMDR[16] and yoga.[17]

In 1999, van der Kolk initiated the creation of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. By 2019, it had grown to a network of 150 sites specializing in treating traumatized children and their families around the US.[18] In that context he and his colleagues studied more than 20,000 traumatized children and adolescents to formulate Developmental Trauma Disorder, a new trauma disorder not yet been accepted within the DSM. He has systematically studied innovative treatments for traumatic stress in children and adults, such as trauma-sensitive yoga, theater, embodied therapies, neurofeedback, and psychedelic therapies.[19]

Van der Kolk was named in Time's 2024 list of influential people in health.[20]

Writings and views

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Van der Kolk has a particular interest in developmental psychopathology and the study of how trauma has a differential effect, depending on developmental stage and the security of the attachment system.[21]

Van der Kolk's book, The Body Keeps the Score, was published in 2014. It focuses on the central role of the attachment system and social environment to protect against developing trauma related disorders and explores a large variety of interventions to recover from the impact of traumatic experiences. Van der Kolk coined the term "Developmental Trauma Disorder" for the complex range of psychological and biological reactions to trauma over the course of human development, also known as complex post traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD).[22]

The book was well received. As of February 2025, The Body Keeps the Score had spent more than 328 weeks on The New York Times best seller list,[23][24] and 212 weeks (over 4 years) in the United States on Amazon’s bestseller list.[25] It has been translated into 43 languages.[26] However, scientists have criticized the book for promoting pseudoscientific claims.[2][3]

Martin Kristen of The Washington Post criticized Van der Kolk for promoting "uncertain science", such as mirror neurons, the polyvagal theory, and the triune brain model.[4] A 2023 editorial published in Research on Social Work Practice criticized the book for promoting treatments that have limited to no evidence. It states that van der Kolk and Levine "regularly ignore, misrepresent, and sometimes veer into or close to pseudoscience when it comes to the scientific knowledge base of PTSD treatment".[3] Similarly, Peter Barglow, writing for the Skeptical Inquirer, criticized him for endorsing controversial treatments, including EMDR and emotional freedom technique.[27]

In his 2005 Canadian Journal of Psychiatry article psychologist Richard McNally described the reasoning of Kolk's 1994 article "The Body Keeps the Score" as "mistaken", and his theory as "plague[d]" by "[c]onceptual and empirical problems." McNally describes "recovered memory therapy," inspired by Kolk's approach, as "arguably the most serious catastrophe to strike the mental health field since the lobotomy era".[2] McNally's 2003 book Remembering Trauma gave a detailed critique (pp. 177-82) of Kolk's article, concluding Kolk's theory was one "in search of a phenomenon".[28]

In a 2024 Mother Jones article, author and journalist Emi Nietfeld criticized the book, claiming the book "stigmatizes survivors, blames victims, and depoliticizes violence."[29] She reached out to multiple researchers of the original research the book cites for comments, and reported multiple researchers said The Body Keeps the Score distorted their research. The evidence the book presents regarding how trauma is "remembered" by the body is also weak. She also illustrates the book lacks considerations for broader social and political factors of violence and trauma.[29]

Personal life

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As of 2024, van der Kolk was married to his second wife, living in rural Massachusetts and still seeing patients.[30]

Works

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  • Van der Kolk, B. A., ed. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Psychological and Biological Sequelae. Washington DC: American Psychiatric, 1984. ISBN 978-0880480536
  • Van der Kolk, B. A., Psychological Trauma. Washington DC: American Psychiatric, 1987. ISBN 978-1585621620
  • Van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, Alexander C., Weisæth, L. (eds). Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body and Society. New York: Guilford, 1996. ISBN 978-1572304574
  • Van der Kolk, B. A. The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Viking, 2014. ISBN 9780670785933.

References

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  1. ^ Revanche, Jonno (September 14, 2017). "Photography saved me. Staring down a lens, I re-ordered painful memories". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on September 15, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c McNally, Richard J (November 2005). "Debunking Myths about Trauma and Memory". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 50 (13): 817–822. doi:10.1177/070674370505001302. ISSN 0706-7437. Archived from the original on 2025-02-11. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
  3. ^ a b c Cox, Keith S.; Codd, R. Trent (2023). "Advocates of Research-Supported Treatments for PTSD are Losing in Lots of Ways: What Are We Going to Do About It?". Research on Social Work Practice. 34 (4): 347–359. doi:10.1177/10497315231206754. ISSN 1049-7315. Archived from the original on 2025-01-20. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
  4. ^ a b Martin, Kristen (2023-08-06). "'The Body Keeps the Score' offers uncertain science in the name of self-help. It's not alone". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2024-07-08. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
  5. ^ "Meet Our Board". Trauma Research Foundation. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d Williams, Zoe (September 20, 2021). "Trauma, trust and triumph: psychiatrist Bessel van der Kolk on how to recover from our deepest pain". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  7. ^ a b Carr, Danielle (2023-07-31). "How Trauma Became America's Favorite Diagnosis". New York Magazine. Retrieved 2025-02-19.
  8. ^ "Curriculum Vitae of Bessel van der Kolk M.D." Bessel Van Der Kolk. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  9. ^ "Training and Education Program". Trauma Center. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
  10. ^ van der Kolk, BA; van der Hart, O (1989). "Pierre Janet and the breakdown of adaptation in Psychological Trauma". Am J Psychiatry. 146: 1330–1342.
  11. ^ van der Kolk, BA; Dreyfuss, D; Berkowitz, R; Saxe, G; Shera, D; Michaels, M (1994). "Fluoxetine in Post Traumatic Stress". J Clin Psychiatry: 517–522.
  12. ^ van der Kolk, BA; Greenberg, M; Boyd, H; Krystal, J (1985). "Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and addiction to trauma: toward a psychobiology of post traumatic stress". Biol Psychiatry. 20 (3): 314–325. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(85)90061-7. PMID 2858226. S2CID 34436511.
  13. ^ van der Kolk, BA; Greenberg, MS; Orr, S; Pittman, RK (1989). "Pain Perception and endogenous opioids in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder". Psychopharm Bull. 25: 117–121.
  14. ^ Rauch, S; van der Kolk, BA; Fisler, R; Alpert, N; Orr, S; Savage, C; Jenike, M; Pitman, R (1996). "A symptom provocation study using Positron Emission Tomography and Script Driven Imagery". Arch Gen Psychiatry. 53 (5): 380–387. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830050014003. PMID 8624181.
  15. ^ Saxe, GN; Vasile, RG; Hill, TC; Bloomingdale, K; van der Kolk, BA (1992). "Temporal lobe changes in Multiple Personality Disorders demonstrated by rCBF and SPECT imaging". J Ment Nerv Dis. 180 (10): 662–663. doi:10.1097/00005053-199210000-00009. PMID 1402846.
  16. ^ Levin, P; Lazrove, S; van der Kolk, BA (1999). "What psychological testing and neuroimaging tell us about the treatment of PTSD by EMDR". J Anxiety Disord. 13 (1–2): 159–172. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00045-0. PMID 10225506.
  17. ^ van der Kolk, BA; Stone, L; West, J; Rhodes, A; Emerson, D; Spinazzola, J (2014). "Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial". J Clin Psychiatry. 75 (6): 559–565.
  18. ^ "Who We Are". nctsn.org. Retrieved June 23, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  19. ^ Interlandi, Jeneen (May 22, 2014). "A Revolutionary Approach to Treating PTSD". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
  20. ^ "TIME100 Health". TIME. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  21. ^ van der Kolk, BA; Pelcovitz, D; Roth, S; Mandel, F; McFarlane, AC; Herman, J (1996). "Dissociation, somatization and affect dysregulation: the complexity of adaptation to trauma". Am J Psychiatry. 153 (7 Suppl): 83–93. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.7.83. PMID 8659645.
  22. ^ Treleaven, Sarah (January 30, 2020). "What Developmental Trauma Disorder Looks Like in Kids". Today's Parent. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  23. ^ "Best Sellers - Books - The New York Times". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved 2025-02-10.
  24. ^ Blum, Dani (September 19, 2022). "'One Foot in the Present, One Foot in the Past:' Understanding E.M.D.R." The New York Times. Videos by Sophie Park. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  25. ^ "Most Sold Nonfiction | Amazon Charts". Amazon. February 2, 2025.
  26. ^ "The Body Keeps The Score". Bessel van der Kolk, MD. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  27. ^ Barglow, Peter (September–October 2024). "Trauma Here, Trauma There, Trauma, Trauma Everywhere!". Skeptical Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2024-08-23. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  28. ^ McNally, Richard J. (2003). Remembering trauma. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674010826.
  29. ^ a b Nietfeld, Emi. "What the most famous book about trauma gets wrong". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
  30. ^ Ross, India (28 June 2024). "Psychiatrist Bessel van der Kolk: 'When trauma becomes your identity, that's a dangerous thing'". www.ft.com. Archived from the original on 2024-06-29. Retrieved 2024-06-29.

Further reading

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