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Black bulbul

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Black Bulbul
Hypsipetes leucocephalus psaroides (Himachal Pradesh, India)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Pycnonotidae
Genus:
Hypsipetes
Species:
H. leucocephalus
Binomial name
Hypsipetes leucocephalus
Müller, 1776
Rough distribution of South Asian species within the complex

The Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus), also known as the Himalayan Black Bulbul or Asian Black Bulbul, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is found in southern Asia from India east to southern China. It is the type species of the genus Hypsipetes, established by Nicholas Aylward Vigors in the early 1830s.[2] There are a number of subspecies across Asia, mostly varying in the shade of the body plumage (ranging from grey to black), and some also occur in white-headed morphs (as also suggested by its specific name leucocephalus, literally "white head"). The legs and bill are always rich orange-red. A former subspecies from the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka is often treated as a separated species, the Square-tailed Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes ganeesa).

Description

White-headed morph of the nominate race

The Black Bulbul is 24–25 cm in length, with a long tail. The body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black, depending on the race. The beak, legs, and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest. Sexes are similar in plumage, but young birds lack the crest, have whitish underparts with a grey breast band, and have a brown tint to the upperparts. The peninsular Indian and Sri Lankan populations (H. ganeesa and H. g. humii) have no black streak behind the eye and on the ear-coverts that is present in the Himalayan populations (H. l. psaroides and H. l. nigrescens). The Sri Lankan humii has a heavier bill.[3][4][5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The tail of H. l. psaroides has a gentle curve in the outer tail feathers and a shallow fork

The taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of Hypsipetes madagascariensis.[6] Within Asia, H. ganeesa has often been listed as a subspecies of H. leucocephalus, but is increasingly treated as a separate species restricted to the Western Ghats (south of somewhere near Bombay[7] ) and Sri Lanka, the Square-tailed Black Bulbul. The subspecies from Sri Lanka humii is then placed under this species.[8]

The nominate race leucocephalus (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) is found north and east of the Himalayas in south eastern China, Myanmar and Indochina. The race psaroides Vigors, 1831 is found along the Himalayas from Afghanistan (Kunar Valley), through, Pakistan and India (Arunachal Pradesh) into northwestern Myanmar. Race sinensis (La Touche, 1922) is found in China, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. Race nigrescens Stuart Baker, 1917 is described from Assam, Manipur, Myanmar (Chin Hills). Several other subspecies have been proposed including stresemanni, ambiens, concolor (may include impar), leucothorax, nigerrimus and perniger. Of all the races of this bulbul, stresemanni, leucothorax and leucocephalus have white heads, while all the others are black-headed. One of the white-headed races of this bulbul has been reported from Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India in 2009.[9] The reproductive isolation mechanisms such as vocalization and geographic distributions of these populations still remain to be studied.[10]

Behaviour and ecology

Individual at a garden in the city of Taipei

This bulbul is found in broad-leaved forests, cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas, but Himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter.[8][11][12] The Western Ghats birds may make movements related to rain.[5]

Black Bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects, and they are often seen in small groups, either roosting or flying about in search of food. They are particularly fond of berries. They are known to feed on a wide range of berries including Celtis, Rosa, Melia and Ehretia in the Himalayas.[13] The feed on the nectar of Salmalia, Erythrina, Rhododendron and other species. They make aerial sallies for insects.[8] They can be quite noisy, making various loud cheeping, mewing and grating calls.[3]

Calls of H. ganeesa (Kotagiri, Nilgiris)

It builds its nest in a tree or bush; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses, dry leaves, mosses, lichens and cobwebs. The lining is made up of ferns, rootlets and other soft material.[14] Both sexes participate in nest construction. Two or three eggs form the usual clutch. In Southern India, nesting activity begins from February and rises to a peak in May. The eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 13 days and the chicks fledge after about 11 or 12 days. Nest predators include birds of prey (Black-winged Kite), snakes (Ptyas mucosus).[15] Adults of H. ganeesa have been known to be be preyed on by the Crested_Goshawk.[16]

References

  1. ^ Template:IUCN2008
  2. ^ Gregory, Steven M. (2000). "Nomenclature of the Hypsipetes Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae)" (PDF). Forktail. 16: 164–166.
  3. ^ a b Ali, S & S D Ripley (1996). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 6 (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 109–113.
  4. ^ Blanford WT (1889). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 259–263.
  5. ^ a b Baker, ECS (1924). Fauna of British India. Birds. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 368–373.
  6. ^ Warren BH, Bermingham E, RP Prys-Jones & C Thebaud (2005) Tracking island colonization history and phenotypic shifts in Indian Ocean bulbuls (Hypsipetes: Pycnonotidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85:271–287 PDF
  7. ^ Khacher, Lavkumar J (1979). "Northward extension of the range of the South Indian Black Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis Sykes". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 76 (2): 364–365.
  8. ^ a b c Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 342–344.
  9. ^ Srinivasan, U., Dalvi, S., & Yobin, K. (2009). "First records of 'white-headed' Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus from India". Indian Birds. 5 (1): 28–30.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Dickinson, E.C., R.W.R.J. Dekker, S. Eck & S. Somadikarta (2002). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 26. Types of the Pycnonotidae" (PDF). Zool. Verh. Leiden. 340: 115–160.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Raza, RH (1993). "Sighting of Black Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis (P.L.S. Muller) in Gaya, Bihar". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 90 (2): 291.
  12. ^ Gaston,AJ (1972). "Black Bulbuls Hypsipetes madagascariensis (P.L.S. Muller) in Delhi". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 69 (3): 651–652.
  13. ^ Narang,ML; Rana,RS (1999). "Black Bulbuls association with Melia azedarach". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 38 (6): 104.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Hume, AO (1889). The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). R H Porter, London. pp. 164–168.
  15. ^ Balakrishnan P (2010). "Reproductive biology of the Square-tailed Black Bulbul Hypsipetes ganeesa in the Western Ghats, India". Indian Birds. 5 (5): 134–138.
  16. ^ Davison, William (1883). "Notes on some birds collected on the Nilghiris and in parts of Wynaad and southern Mysore". Stray Feathers. 10 (5): 329–419.
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