# Born–Huang approximation

The Born–Huang approximation[1] (named after Max Born and Huang Kun) is an approximation closely related to the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. It takes into account diagonal nonadiabatic effects in the electronic Hamiltonian than the Born–Oppenheimer approximation.[2] Despite the addition of correction terms, the electronic states remain uncoupled under the Born–Huang approximation, making it an adiabatic approximation.

## Mathematical formula

The Born–Huang approximation asserts that the representation matrix of nuclear kinetic energy operator in the basis of Born–Oppenheimer electronic wavefunctions is diagonal:

$\langle\chi_{k'}(\mathbf{r};\mathbf{R}) | T_\mathrm{n}|\chi_k(\mathbf{r};\mathbf{R})\rangle_{(\mathbf{r})}= \mathcal{T}_\mathrm{k}(\mathbf{R})\delta_{k'k}$

## Consequences

The Born–Huang approximation loosens the Born–Oppenheimer approximation by including some electronic matrix elements, while at the same time maintains its diagonal structure in the nuclear equations of motion. As a result, the nuclei still move on isolated surfaces, obtained by the addition of a small correction to the Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surface.

Under the Born–Huang approximation, the Schrödinger equation of the molecular system simplifies to

$\left[ T_\mathrm{n} +E_k(\mathbf{R})+\mathcal{T}_\mathrm{k}(\mathbf{R})\right] \; \phi_k(\mathbf{R}) = E \phi_k(\mathbf{R}) \quad\mathrm{for}\quad k=1,\ldots, K,$

The quantity $\left[E_k(\mathbf{R})+\mathcal{T}_\mathrm{k}(\mathbf{R})\right]$serves as the corrected potential energy surface.

## Upper-Bound property

The value of Born–Huang approximation is that it provides the upper-bound for the ground state energy.[1] The Born–Oppenheimer approximation, on the other hand, provides the lower-bound for this value.[3]