# Bradford Factor

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The Bradford Factor or Bradford Formula is used in human resource management as a means of measuring worker absenteeism. The theory is that short, frequent, and unplanned absences are more disruptive than longer absences. According to the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development the term was first coined due to its supposed connection with research undertaken by the Bradford University School of Management in the 1980s. It was developed as a way of highlighting the disproportionate level of disruption of an organisation's performance that can be caused by short-term absences compared to single instances of prolonged absence.

It was originally designed for use as part of the overall investigation and management of absenteeism. In contrast, if used as part of a very limited approach to address absence or by setting unrealistically low trigger scores it was considered short-sighted, unlikely to be successful and could lead to staff disaffection and grievances. The use of the Bradford Factor often provokes heated debate.[1]

## Calculation

The Bradford Factor is calculated as follows:

${\displaystyle B=S^{2}\times D}$

where:

• B is the Bradford Factor
• S is the total number of spells (instances) of absence of an individual over a set period
• D is the total number of days of absence of that individual over the same set period[2]

The 'set period' is typically set as a rolling 52-week period.

For example, this is how 10 days absence could be shown:

• 01 instance of absence with a duration of ten days (1 × 1 × 10) = 10 points
• 03 instances of absence; one of one, one of three and one of six days (3 × 3 × 10) = 90 points
• 05 instances of absence; each of two days (5 × 5 × 10) = 250 points
• 10 instances of absence; each of one day (10 × 10 × 10) = 1000 points
• 01 instance of absence; with a duration of one year (1 × 1 × 240) = 240 points

In May 2001, HM Prison Service began using the Bradford Formula to identify staff with high absenteeism due to illness.[3] The Bradford Formula is used to calculate an "attendance score".[4]

## References

1. ^ See The Bradford Factor: Are Bradford Scores the best way of calculating sickness absence rates? Occupational Health at Work, 2006 2(5) p28-29
2. ^
3. ^ Duffy, Jonathan (2001-05-02). "Ill Wind Blowing for the Sickie". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
4. ^ Cabinet Office (2004). "Managing Sickness Absence in the Public Sector" (PDF). UK government: 20. Retrieved 2007-05-07. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)